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Home / Equine Research Bank / Int J Mol Sci / Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Approp...
International journal of molecular sciences2024; 25(10); 5210; doi: 10.3390/ijms25105210

Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes?

Abstract: Domestic horses routinely participate in vigorous and various athletic activities. This enables the horse to serve as a model for studying athletic physiology and immunology in other species, including humans. For instance, as a model of physical efforts, such as endurance rides (long-distance running/aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise), the horse can be useful in evaluating post-exercise response. Currently, there has been significant interest in finding biomarkers, which characterize the advancement of training and adaptation to physical exercise in the horse. The parallels in cellular responses to physical exercises, such as changes in receptor expression and blood cell activity, improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the body's response to intense physical activity. This study focuses on the changes in levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cellular response in the context of post-exercise immune response. Both the direction of changes in cytokine levels and cellular responses of the body, such as proliferation and expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, show cross-functional similarities. This review reveals that horses are robust research models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes.
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Publication Date: 2024-05-10 PubMed ID: 38791248PubMed Central: PMC11121269DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105210Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The article discusses the use of horses, specifically Equus caballus, as valuable models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in humans due to the similarities in the body’s cellular and hormonal responses to intense training.

Emphasis on Horse as an Animal Model

  • The article initially emphasizes the suitability of the domestic horse as a model organism for athletics. The authors highlight the relevance of this model due to the variety and intensity of athletic activities horses commonly participate in, similar to human sports.
  • The question of whether a horse is an appropriate model for human athletes is introduced with a focus on studying cellular responses and biochemical changes related to different forms of physical exercise.

Understanding Physical Efforts

  • The paper uses horses for modeling various forms of physical exercise, focusing specifically on long-distance running (aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise).
  • The authors discuss these variations of physical exercises and their distinct impact on the post-exercise response, which can provide an understanding of how the human body might react under similar stressful situations.

Exploration of Biomarkers

  • There is a notable mention of the interest in identifying biomarkers that could monitor training progress and adaptation in horses. Finding such markers could be helpful for human athletes as well, providing a measurable indication of the physiological changes occurring due to training and exercise.

Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

  • The core of the study revolves around changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are small proteins released by cells that have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells.
  • The authors emphasize the correlation between the levels of these cytokines and the cellular immune response after exercise.

Cellular Responses during Exercise

  • In addition to hormonal changes, the paper highlights the change in expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils (types of white blood cells), which are integral to the immune response.
  • These cellular responses offer another dimension of understanding the impact of strenuous physical activity on the body and immune system.

Final Findings

  • The conclusion from reviewing relevant literature is that horses are a robust and relevant model for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes due to considerable similarities in cellular and hormonal responses.

Cite This Article

APA
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. (2024). Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes? Int J Mol Sci, 25(10), 5210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105210

Publication

International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
NlmUniqueID: 101092791
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 25
Issue: 10
PII: 5210

Researcher Affiliations

Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, Olga
  • Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Malin, Katarzyna
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Dąbrowska, Izabela
  • Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Grzędzicka, Jowita
  • Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Ostaszewski, Piotr
  • Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Carter, Craig
  • Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / immunology
  • Humans
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal
  • Athletes
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Models, Animal
  • Exercise / physiology
  • Biomarkers

Grant Funding

  • 2021/41/B/NZ7/03548 / National Science Center

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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