FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Children (Basel) / Impact of Equine-Assisted Interventions on Heart Rate Variab...
Children (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 8(11); 1073; doi: 10.3390/children8111073

Impact of Equine-Assisted Interventions on Heart Rate Variability in Two Participants with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Pilot Study.

Abstract: People with disabilities due to genetic origin often present high levels of stress: non-pharmacological interventions such as Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAI) may be a useful strategy. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate stress levels in two participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome diagnosis, immediately after carrying out the EAI. A single case experimental design methodology was chosen due to the small sample size. Two participants with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, a rare disease, with different comorbidities were included. The present study considered the EAI as the independent variable while the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) represented the dependent one, as HRV is considered an indicator of stress level. Measurements were performed before and after carrying out the interventions. The results showed an HRV increase in one of the participants and an increase in the arousal level evidenced by a decrease in his HRV. After having carried out the program, EAI seems to cause an impact on the activation level of the participants depending on the typology and nature of the intervention. However, these results should be treated with caution due to the small sample size. This study is a pilot to test the feasibility of the proposed interventions on the variable under study.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-11-22 PubMed ID: 34828786PubMed Central: PMC8617898DOI: 10.3390/children8111073Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Case Reports

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates the effects of Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAI), a form of therapy involving horses, on the stress levels of two people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a rare genetic disorder. The study measured the participants’ heart rate variability both before and after the therapy, noting changes that could signal changes in stress levels.

Methodology

  • The researchers employed a methodology known as a single case experimental design, primarily due to the limited number of participants they were able to include in the study.
  • They identified heart rate variability (HRV) as the dependent variable to monitor, as it can serve as a gauge of stress levels.
  • The therapy sessions with horses, or Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAI), were considered the independent variable.

Participants

  • Two participants together diagnosed with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, a rare genetic disorder, were included in the study. These individuals had a variety of comorbid conditions.

Results

  • The findings indicated varied impacts of EAI on the participants.
  • For one of the participants, the therapy was associated with an increase in HRV, suggesting a reduction in stress levels.
  • Conversely, the other participant demonstrated an elevation in arousal levels after the therapy, evidenced by a decrease in HRV.

Interpretation and Recommendations

  • The authors conclude that the impact of EAI on individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome can depend on the specifics of the intervention as well as the unique characteristics of the person undergoing the therapy.
  • They also note, however, that these findings should be approached with a degree of caution due to the small sample size used in this study.
  • This study serves as a pilot i.e., preliminary study to test the feasibility of the proposed interventions before they are subjected to larger, more rigorous studies.

Cite This Article

APA
Amado-Fuentes M, Gozalo M, Garcia-Gomez A, Barrios-Fernandez S. (2021). Impact of Equine-Assisted Interventions on Heart Rate Variability in Two Participants with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Children (Basel), 8(11), 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8111073

Publication

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2227-9067
NlmUniqueID: 101648936
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Issue: 11
PII: 1073

Researcher Affiliations

Amado-Fuentes, Maria
  • Psychology and Anthropology Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
Gozalo, Margarita
  • Psychology and Anthropology Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
Garcia-Gomez, Andres
  • Occupational Stress, Psychopathologies and Emotional Well-Being (GRESPE) Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
Barrios-Fernandez, Sabina
  • Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH) Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 82 references
  1. Enders-Slegers M.-J., Hediger K., Beetz A., Jegatheesan B., Turner D.. Animal-Assisted Interventions within an International Perspective: Trends, Research, and Practices. 2019; pp. 465–477.
    doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815395-6.00030-4google scholar: lookup
  2. Fine AH, Beck AM, Ng Z. The State of Animal-Assisted Interventions: Addressing the Contemporary Issues that will Shape the Future.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Oct 18;16(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203997pmc: PMC6843928pubmed: 31635430google scholar: lookup
  3. Wood W, Alm K, Benjamin J, Thomas L, Anderson D, Pohl L, Kane M. Optimal Terminology for Services in the United States That Incorporate Horses to Benefit People: A Consensus Document.. J Altern Complement Med 2021 Jan;27(1):88-95.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2020.0415pubmed: 33252244google scholar: lookup
  4. Stern C., Chur-Hansen A.. An Umbrella Review of the Evidence for Equine-Assisted Interventions. Aust. J. Psychol. 2019;71:361–374.
    doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12246google scholar: lookup
  5. Lentini J.A., Knox M.S.. Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents: An Update and Literature Review. J. Creat. Ment. Health. 2015;10:278–305.
    doi: 10.1080/15401383.2015.1023916google scholar: lookup
  6. Bert F, Gualano MR, Camussi E, Pieve G, Voglino G, Siliquini R. Animal assisted intervention: A systematic review of benefits and risks.. Eur J Integr Med 2016 Oct;8(5):695-706.
    doi: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.05.005pmc: PMC7185850pubmed: 32362955google scholar: lookup
  7. De Miguel A, De Miguel MD, Lucena-Anton D, Rubio MD. [Effects of hypotherapy on the motor function of persons with Down's syndrome: a systematic review].. Rev Neurol 2018 Oct 1;67(7):233-241.
    pubmed: 30232796
  8. Trzmiel T, Purandare B, Michalak M, Zasadzka E, Pawlaczyk M. Equine assisted activities and therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and a meta-analysis.. Complement Ther Med 2019 Feb;42:104-113.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.004pubmed: 30670226google scholar: lookup
  9. Cahill SM, Egan BE, Seber J. Activity- and Occupation-Based Interventions to Support Mental Health, Positive Behavior, and Social Participation for Children and Youth: A Systematic Review.. Am J Occup Ther 2020 Mar Apr;74(2):7402180020p1-7402180020p28.
    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2020.038687pubmed: 32204773google scholar: lookup
  10. Guindos-Sanchez L, Lucena-Anton D, Moral-Munoz JA, Salazar A, Carmona-Barrientos I. The Effectiveness of Hippotherapy to Recover Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Children (Basel) 2020 Aug 19;7(9).
    doi: 10.3390/children7090106pmc: PMC7552760pubmed: 32825159google scholar: lookup
  11. Marchand WR, Andersen SJ, Smith JE, Hoopes KH, Carlson JK. Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies for Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Current State, Challenges and Future Directions.. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 2021 Jan-Dec;5:2470547021991556.
    doi: 10.1177/2470547021991556pmc: PMC7890715pubmed: 33644617google scholar: lookup
  12. Granados A.C.. Hippotherapy as Early Intervention for Children with Special Needs: A Study Based on Case Studies of Spanish Children with Rare Congenital Disorders. 2007.
  13. Smola A., Hurley L.. The Effect of Therapeutic Horseback Riding on Balance and Self-Efficacy in Children with Developmental Disabilities. 2016.
  14. Tucker R.. The Effect of a Five-Week Hippotherapy Programme on Gait in a Child with Angelman’s Syndrome. A Case Study Using the Wee Glasgow Gait Index (Weeggi). Int. J. Ther. Rehabil. 2019;26:4.
    doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2019.26.6.4google scholar: lookup
  15. García-Gómez A, Guerrero-Barona E, García-Peña I, Rodríguez-Jiménez M, Moreno-Manso JM. Equine-assisted therapeutic activities and their influence on the heart rate variability: A systematic review.. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020 May;39:101167.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101167pubmed: 32379693google scholar: lookup
  16. Schneider M, Armando M, Schultze-Lutter F, Pontillo M, Vicari S, Debbané M, Eliez S. Prevalence, course and psychosis-predictive value of negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.. Schizophr Res 2019 Apr;206:386-393.
    doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.014pubmed: 30414720google scholar: lookup
  17. Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Scambler PJ. Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.. Am J Med Genet A 2018 Oct;176(10):2070-2081.
    doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40504pmc: PMC6214629pubmed: 30380194google scholar: lookup
  18. Eaton CB, Thomas RH, Hamandi K, Payne GC, Kerr MP, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Cunningham AC, Bartsch U, Struik SS, van den Bree MBM. Epilepsy and seizures in young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Prevalence and links with other neurodevelopmental disorders.. Epilepsia 2019 May;60(5):818-829.
    doi: 10.1111/epi.14722pmc: PMC6519005pubmed: 30977115google scholar: lookup
  19. Baylis AL, Shriberg LD. Estimates of the Prevalence of Speech and Motor Speech Disorders in Youth With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2019 Feb 21;28(1):53-82.
    doi: 10.1044/2018_AJSLP-18-0037pmc: PMC6503865pubmed: 30515510google scholar: lookup
  20. Dufournet B, Nguyen K, Charles P, Grabli D, Jacquette A, Borg M, Danaila T, Mutez E, Drapier S, Colin O, Eusebio A, Philip N, Azulay JP. Parkinson's disease associated with 22q11.2 deletion: Clinical characteristics and response to treatment.. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017 Jun;173(6):406-410.
    doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.021pubmed: 28461026google scholar: lookup
  21. Fung WL, McEvilly R, Fong J, Silversides C, Chow E, Bassett A. Elevated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.. Am J Psychiatry 2010 Aug;167(8):998.
    doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101463pmc: PMC4516404pubmed: 20693476google scholar: lookup
  22. Mayo D, Bolden KA, Simon TJ, Niendam TA. Bullying and psychosis: The impact of chronic traumatic stress on psychosis risk in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome - a uniquely vulnerable population.. J Psychiatr Res 2019 Jul;114:99-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.011pmc: PMC6564673pubmed: 31054456google scholar: lookup
  23. Lau BY, Leong R, Uljarevic M, Lerh JW, Rodgers J, Hollocks MJ, South M, McConachie H, Ozsivadjian A, Van Hecke A, Libove R, Hardan A, Leekam S, Simonoff E, Magiati I. Anxiety in young people with autism spectrum disorder: Common and autism-related anxiety experiences and their associations with individual characteristics.. Autism 2020 Jul;24(5):1111-1126.
    doi: 10.1177/1362361319886246pubmed: 31852214google scholar: lookup
  24. Adams D, Emerson LM. The Impact of Anxiety in Children on the Autism Spectrum.. J Autism Dev Disord 2021 Jun;51(6):1909-1920.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04673-3pubmed: 32876826google scholar: lookup
  25. Forte M, Jahoda A, Dagnan D. An anxious time? Exploring the nature of worries experienced by young people with a mild to moderate intellectual disability as they make the transition to adulthood.. Br J Clin Psychol 2011 Nov;50(4):398-411.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02002.xpubmed: 22003949google scholar: lookup
  26. Durán-Carabali LE, Henao-Pacheco ML, González-Clavijo AM, Dueñas Z. Salivary alpha amylase and cortisol levels as stress biomarkers in children with cerebral palsy and their association with a physical therapy program.. Res Dev Disabil 2021 Jan;108:103807.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103807pubmed: 33161308google scholar: lookup
  27. Sandini C, Schneider M, Eliez S, Armando M. Association Between Parental Anxiety and Depression Level and Psychopathological Symptoms in Offspring With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:646.
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00646pmc: PMC7390875pubmed: 32792992google scholar: lookup
  28. Briegel W, Schneider M, Schwab KO. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: behaviour problems of children and adolescents and parental stress.. Child Care Health Dev 2008 Nov;34(6):795-800.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00850.xpubmed: 18785970google scholar: lookup
  29. Briegel W, Andritschky C. Psychological Adjustment of Children and Adolescents with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Their Mothers' Stress and Coping-A Longitudinal Study.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 Mar 8;18(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052707pmc: PMC7967431pubmed: 33800178google scholar: lookup
  30. Vo OK, McNeill A, Vogt KS. The psychosocial impact of 22q11 deletion syndrome on patients and families: A systematic review.. Am J Med Genet A 2018 Oct;176(10):2215-2225.
    doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38673pmc: PMC6221171pubmed: 29575505google scholar: lookup
  31. Angkustsiri K, Leckliter I, Tartaglia N, Beaton EA, Enriquez J, Simon TJ. An examination of the relationship of anxiety and intelligence to adaptive functioning in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2012 Nov-Dec;33(9):713-20.
    doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e318272dd24pmc: PMC3523689pubmed: 23117596google scholar: lookup
  32. Sanders AF, Hobbs DA, Stephenson DD Jr, Laird RD, Beaton EA. Working Memory Impairments in Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: The Roles of Anxiety and Stress Physiology.. J Autism Dev Disord 2017 Apr;47(4):992-1005.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-016-3011-2pmc: PMC5944337pubmed: 28083777google scholar: lookup
  33. Jacobson D, Bursch M, Lajiness-O'Neill R. Potential Role of Cortisol in Social and Memory Impairments in Individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.. J Pediatr Genet 2016 Sep;5(3):150-7.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584549pmc: PMC4999327pubmed: 27617156google scholar: lookup
  34. Tripathi A, Spedding M, Schenker E, Didriksen M, Cressant A, Jay TM. Cognition- and circuit-based dysfunction in a mouse model of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: effects of stress.. Transl Psychiatry 2020 Jan 28;10(1):41.
    doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0687-zpmc: PMC7026063pubmed: 32066701google scholar: lookup
  35. Morrison S, Chawner SJRA, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Swillen A, Vingerhoets C, Vergaelen E, Linden DEJ, Linden S, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Cognitive deficits in childhood, adolescence and adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and association with psychopathology.. Transl Psychiatry 2020 Feb 3;10(1):53.
    doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0736-7pmc: PMC7026075pubmed: 32066691google scholar: lookup
  36. Beaton EA, Simon TJ. How might stress contribute to increased risk for schizophrenia in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome?. J Neurodev Disord 2011 Mar;3(1):68-75.
    doi: 10.1007/s11689-010-9069-9pmc: PMC3056992pubmed: 21475728google scholar: lookup
  37. Buijs PC, Bassett AS, Gold DA, Boot E. Cognitive behavioral therapy in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A case study of two young adults with an anxiety disorder.. J Intellect Disabil 2021 Dec;25(4):695-704.
    doi: 10.1177/1744629520942374pubmed: 32772800google scholar: lookup
  38. Fung WL, Butcher NJ, Costain G, Andrade DM, Boot E, Chow EW, Chung B, Cytrynbaum C, Faghfoury H, Fishman L, García-Miñaúr S, George S, Lang AE, Repetto G, Shugar A, Silversides C, Swillen A, van Amelsvoort T, McDonald-McGinn DM, Bassett AS. Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.. Genet Med 2015 Aug;17(8):599-609.
    doi: 10.1038/gim.2014.175pmc: PMC4526275pubmed: 25569435google scholar: lookup
  39. Fjermestad K.W., Vatne T.M., Gjone H.. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Adv. Ment. Health Intellect. Disabil. 2015;9:30–39.
    doi: 10.1108/AMHID-05-2014-0017google scholar: lookup
  40. Crerand C.E., Rabkin A.N.. Psychosocial Risks and Management for Children and Adolescents with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Perspect. ASHA Spec. Interest Groups. 2019;4:633–640.
    doi: 10.1044/2019_PERS-SIG5-2019-0002google scholar: lookup
  41. Buijs PCM, Bassett AS, Boot E. Non-pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; a systematic review.. Am J Med Genet A 2018 Aug;176(8):1742-1747.
    doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38612pmc: PMC6057848pubmed: 29363845google scholar: lookup
  42. Mosheva M, Korotkin L, Gur RE, Weizman A, Gothelf D. Effectiveness and side effects of psychopharmacotherapy in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with comorbid psychiatric disorders: a systematic review.. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020 Aug;29(8):1035-1048.
    doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01326-4pubmed: 30949827google scholar: lookup
  43. Yorke J., Nugent W., Strand E., Bolen R., New J., Davis C.. Equine-Assisted Therapy and Its Impact on Cortisol Levels of Children and Horses: A Pilot Study and Meta-Analysis. Early Child Dev. Care. 2013;183:874–894.
    doi: 10.1080/03004430.2012.693486google scholar: lookup
  44. Pan Z, Granger DA, Guérin NA, Shoffner A, Gabriels RL. Replication Pilot Trial of Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Cortisol Collection With Children on the Autism Spectrum.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:312.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00312pmc: PMC6339889pubmed: 30693284google scholar: lookup
  45. Maresca G, Portaro S, Naro A, Crisafulli R, Raffa A, Scarcella I, Aliberti B, Gemelli G, Calabrò RS. Hippotherapy in neurodevelopmental disorders: a narrative review focusing on cognitive and behavioral outcomes.. Appl Neuropsychol Child 2022 Jul-Sep;11(3):553-560.
    doi: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1852084pubmed: 33949903google scholar: lookup
  46. . Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.. Eur Heart J 1996 Mar;17(3):354-81.
    doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868pubmed: 8737210google scholar: lookup
  47. Rodas G., Pedret Carballido C., Ramos J., Capdevila L.. Heart rate variability: Definition measurement and clinical relation aspects (II). Arch. Med. Deporte. 2008;25:119–127.
  48. Kim HG, Cheon EJ, Bai DS, Lee YH, Koo BH. Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature.. Psychiatry Investig 2018 Mar;15(3):235-245.
    doi: 10.30773/pi.2017.08.17pmc: PMC5900369pubmed: 29486547google scholar: lookup
  49. Baevsky R.M., Berseneva A.P.. Methodical Recommendations—Use Kardivar System for Determination of the Stress Level and Estimation of the Body Adaptability—Standards of Measurements and Physiological Interpretation. Moscow, 2008.
  50. . Kubios HRV Analysis Methods. Kubios .
  51. Sahoo T.K., Mahapatra A., Ruban N.. Stress Index Calculation and Analysis Based on Heart Rate Variability of ECG Signal with Arrhythmia. Proceedings of the 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT) Vellore, India. 22–23 March 2019; 2019. pp. 1–7.
    doi: 10.1109/i-PACT44901.2019.8959524google scholar: lookup
  52. Schäfer A, Vagedes J. How accurate is pulse rate variability as an estimate of heart rate variability? A review on studies comparing photoplethysmographic technology with an electrocardiogram.. Int J Cardiol 2013 Jun 5;166(1):15-29.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.119pubmed: 22809539google scholar: lookup
  53. Niskanen JP, Tarvainen MP, Ranta-Aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Software for advanced HRV analysis.. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2004 Oct;76(1):73-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2004.03.004pubmed: 15313543google scholar: lookup
  54. Tarvainen MP, Ranta-Aho PO, Karjalainen PA. An advanced detrending method with application to HRV analysis.. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2002 Feb;49(2):172-5.
    doi: 10.1109/10.979357pubmed: 12066885google scholar: lookup
  55. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-Aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV--heart rate variability analysis software.. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2014;113(1):210-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024pubmed: 24054542google scholar: lookup
  56. Lipponen JA, Tarvainen MP. A robust algorithm for heart rate variability time series artefact correction using novel beat classification.. J Med Eng Technol 2019 Apr;43(3):173-181.
    doi: 10.1080/03091902.2019.1640306pubmed: 31314618google scholar: lookup
  57. . World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.. JAMA 2013 Nov 27;310(20):2191-4.
    doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053pubmed: 24141714google scholar: lookup
  58. Cohen L.. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 1988.
  59. Harrington M, Velicer WF. Comparing Visual and Statistical Analysis in Single-Case Studies Using Published Studies.. Multivariate Behav Res 2015;50(2):162-83.
    doi: 10.1080/00273171.2014.973989pmc: PMC4677800pubmed: 26609876google scholar: lookup
  60. Yokoyama M., Kaname T., Tabata M., Hotta K., Shimizu R., Kamiya K., Kamekawa D., Kato M., Akiyama A., Ohta M.. Hippotherapy to Improve Hypertonia Caused by an Autonomic Imbalance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Kitasato Med. J. 2013;43:67–73.
  61. Bevilacqua D.E., Jr., Lopes L.L.D.M., Accioly M.F., Ribeiro M.F., Ferreira A.A., Teixeira V.D.P.A., Espindula A.P.. Avaliação da modulação autonômica em indivíduos com síndrome de Down na equoterapia. Conscientiae Saúde Impr. 2016;15:433–439.
    doi: 10.5585/conssaude.v15n3.6360google scholar: lookup
  62. Cabiddu R, Borghi-Silva A, Trimer R, Trimer V, Ricci PA, Italiano Monteiro C, Camargo Magalhães Maniglia M, Silva Pereira AM, Rodrigues das Chagas G, Carvalho EM. Hippotherapy acute impact on heart rate variability non-linear dynamics in neurological disorders.. Physiol Behav 2016 May 15;159:88-94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.012pubmed: 26988283google scholar: lookup
  63. Baldwin A., Rector B.K., Alden A.C.. Effects of a Form of Equine-Facilitated Learning on Heart Rate Variability, Immune Function, and Self-Esteem in Older Adults. People Anim. Int. J. Res. Pract. 2018;1:5.
  64. Gehrke E.K., Noquez A.E., Ranke P.L., Myers M.P.. Measuring the Psychophysiological Changes in Combat Veterans Participating in an Equine Therapy Program. J. Mil. Veteran Fam. Health. 2018;4:60–69.
    doi: 10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0015google scholar: lookup
  65. Ecker S., Lykins A.. Effects of Short-Term Human-Horse Interactions on Human Heart Rate Variability: A Multiple Single Case Study. People Anim. Int. J. Res. Pract. 2019;2:2.
  66. Park IK, Lee JY, Suk MH, Yoo S, Seo YG, Oh JK, Kwon JY. Effect of Equine-Assisted Activities on Cardiac Autonomic Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial.. J Altern Complement Med 2021 Jan;27(1):96-102.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2020.0346pubmed: 33252241google scholar: lookup
  67. Mariotti A. The effects of chronic stress on health: new insights into the molecular mechanisms of brain-body communication.. Future Sci OA 2015 Nov;1(3):FSO23.
    doi: 10.4155/fso.15.21pmc: PMC5137920pubmed: 28031896google scholar: lookup
  68. Bernardi L, Valle F, Coco M, Calciati A, Sleight P. Physical activity influences heart rate variability and very-low-frequency components in Holter electrocardiograms.. Cardiovasc Res 1996 Aug;32(2):234-7.
    doi: 10.1016/0008-6363(96)00081-8pubmed: 8796109google scholar: lookup
  69. Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?. Front Physiol 2014;5:73.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00073pmc: PMC3936188pubmed: 24578692google scholar: lookup
  70. De Meersman RE. Heart rate variability and aerobic fitness.. Am Heart J 1993 Mar;125(3):726-31.
    doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90164-5pubmed: 8438702google scholar: lookup
  71. Melanson EL. Resting heart rate variability in men varying in habitual physical activity.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000 Nov;32(11):1894-901.
    doi: 10.1097/00005768-200011000-00012pubmed: 11079519google scholar: lookup
  72. Villafaina S., Cordón-González C., Collado-Mateo D., Fuentes-García J.P., Adsuar J.C., Merellano-Navarro E., Parraca J.A.. Influence of Horseback Riding and Horse Simulator Riding on Heart Rate Variability: Are There Differences?. Appl. Sci. 2019;9:2194.
    doi: 10.3390/app9112194google scholar: lookup
  73. Naidoo R., Nqwena Z., Reimers L., Peters K., Sookan T., McKune A.. Acute Heart Rate Variability Responses to a Therapeutic Horseback Riding Session in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study. Sci. Educ. J. Ther. Rid. 2014;19:10–24.
  74. Wijker C, Kupper N, Leontjevas R, Spek A, Enders-Slegers MJ. The effects of Animal Assisted Therapy on autonomic and endocrine activity in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial.. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021 Sep-Oct;72:36-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.05.003pubmed: 34237553google scholar: lookup
  75. Kemeny B, Burk S, Hutchins D, Gramlich C. Therapeutic Riding or Mindfulness: Comparative Effectiveness of Two Recreational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents with Autism.. J Autism Dev Disord 2022 Jun;52(6):2438-2462.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05136-zpmc: PMC8204925pubmed: 34131850google scholar: lookup
  76. Arnao V, Cinturino A, Mastrilli S, Buttà C, Maida C, Tuttolomondo A, Aridon P, D'Amelio M. Impaired circadian heart rate variability in Parkinson's disease: a time-domain analysis in ambulatory setting.. BMC Neurol 2020 Apr 23;20(1):152.
    doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-01722-3pmc: PMC7181578pubmed: 32326894google scholar: lookup
  77. Cornelissen VA, Verheyden B, Aubert AE, Fagard RH. Effects of aerobic training intensity on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure, heart rate and heart-rate variability.. J Hum Hypertens 2010 Mar;24(3):175-82.
    doi: 10.1038/jhh.2009.51pubmed: 19554028google scholar: lookup
  78. Nqwena Z, Naidoo R. The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on heart rate variability of children with disabilities.. Afr J Disabil 2016;5(1):248.
    doi: 10.4102/ajod.v5i1.248pmc: PMC5433461pubmed: 28730056google scholar: lookup
  79. Routledge FS, Campbell TS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Bacon SL. Improvements in heart rate variability with exercise therapy.. Can J Cardiol 2010 Jun-Jul;26(6):303-12.
    doi: 10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70395-0pmc: PMC2903986pubmed: 20548976google scholar: lookup
  80. Roncancio M.R.. Efecto del ejercicio en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca. Rev. Colomb. Med. Física Rehabil. 2010;20:24–32.
  81. Gilboa Y, Helmer A. Self-Management Intervention for Attention and Executive Functions Using Equine-Assisted Occupational Therapy Among Children Aged 6-14 Diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.. J Altern Complement Med 2020 Mar;26(3):239-246.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0374pubmed: 31934771google scholar: lookup
  82. Medina Gómez B., Gil Ibáñez R.. Stress and coping strategies in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Ansiedad Estrés. 2017;23:38–44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anyes.2017.05.001google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Amado-Fuentes M, Denche-Zamorano A, Barrios-Fernandez S, Gozalo M. Bibliometric Analysis on Equine-Assisted Interventions. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 13;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14121776pubmed: 38929395google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.