FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Improved quality of life and pain relief in mature horses wi...
Frontiers in veterinary science2024; 11; 1341396; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1341396

Improved quality of life and pain relief in mature horses with osteoarthritis after oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil administration as part of an analgesic regimen.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral cannabidiol (CBD) administration in addition to a conventional analgesic protocol on the clinical signs of 20 horses with mild joint osteoarthritis. The horses were randomly assigned to either the control group (C group) or the cannabidiol group (CBD group). Both groups were treated with phenylbutazone for 5 days. The CBD group received 0.03 mg/kg cannabidiol in hemp oil orally once daily for 14 days in addition to phenylbutazone treatment. All subjects were monitored for clinical parameters, oxidative status and blood counts. Pain and quality of life were also assessed using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS). The CBD group showed a significant reduction in heart rate, respiratory rate, white blood cell count and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde lipid peroxidation). A significant reduction in HCPS scores was seen in both groups. Lower scores were recorded in the CBD group (3 med; range: 2/4) than in the C group (7 med; range: 4/10). The addition of a cannabidiol-based product to an analgesic protocol was well tolerated and showed positive effects on the treated subjects, improving their quality of life and pain relief.
Copyright © 2024 Interlandi, Tabbì, Di Pietro, D’Angelo, Costa, Arfuso, Giudice, Licata, Macrì, Crupi and Gugliandolo.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-02-06 PubMed ID: 38379920PubMed Central: PMC10876772DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1341396Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article studies the benefits of oral cannabidiol (CBD) oil in alleviating pain and improving the quality of life in horses suffering from mild joint osteoarthritis. The study showed that adding CBD oil to a conventional analgesic treatment resulted in reduced heart rate, respiratory rate, white blood cell count, oxidative stress, and improved pain scores.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers enrolled 20 horses suffering from mild joint osteoarthritis in the study.
  • The horses were divided randomly into two groups: the control group (C group) who only received the traditional pain reliever phenylbutazone for 5 days, and the CBD group who received orally daily 0.03 mg/kg cannabidiol in hemp oil for 14 days along with phenylbutazone.
  • All horses were monitored for their clinical parameters, oxidative status, and blood counts.
  • The researchers assessed pain and quality of life using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS).

Key Findings

  • Significant reductions were observed in the CBD group in heart rate, respiratory rate, white blood cell count, and oxidative stress (measured in the form of malondialdehyde lipid peroxidation).
  • HCPS scores, indicating pain and quality of life, decreased significantly in both groups, but the decrease was more prominent in the CBD group.
  • The scores ranged from 2/4 in the CBD group compared to 4/10 in the control group, suggesting reduced pain and enhanced quality of life in CBD-treated horses.

Conclusion

  • The addition of CBD oil to a standard analgesic protocol was well received and had notable positive effects on horses treated, enhancing their quality of life and pain relief.
  • From these results, the researchers inferred a promising role for CBD oil in treating mature horses with osteoarthritis, offering a novel approach to managing this common equine health issue.

Cite This Article

APA
Interlandi C, Tabbì M, Di Pietro S, D'Angelo F, Costa GL, Arfuso F, Giudice E, Licata P, Macrì D, Crupi R, Gugliandolo E. (2024). Improved quality of life and pain relief in mature horses with osteoarthritis after oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil administration as part of an analgesic regimen. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1341396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1341396

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 1341396

Researcher Affiliations

Interlandi, Claudia
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Tabbì, Marco
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Di Pietro, Simona
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
D'Angelo, Fabiola
  • Freelancer, Varese, Italy.
Costa, Giovanna L
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Arfuso, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Giudice, Elisabetta
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Licata, Patrizia
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Macrì, Daniele
  • Zooprophylactic Institute, Palermo, Italy.
Crupi, Rosalia
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Gugliandolo, Enrico
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

References

This article includes 63 references
  1. Kogan LR, Hellyer PW, Silcox S, Schoenfeld-Tacher R. Canadian dog owners’ use and perceptions of cannabis products.. Can Vet J (2019) 60:749–55.
    pmc: PMC6563876pubmed: 31281193
  2. Leise JM, Leatherwood JL, Paris BL, Walter KW, George JM, Martinez RE. Evaluation of an Oral supplemental Cannabidiol product for acceptability and performance in mature horses.. Animals (2023) 13:245. 401.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13020245pmc: PMC9854761pubmed: 36670785google scholar: lookup
  3. Brioschi FA, Di Cesare F, Gioeni D, Rabbogliatti V, Ferrari F, D'Urso ES. Oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil formulation as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen: effects on pain relief and quality of life improvement in dogs affected by spontaneous osteoarthritis.. Animals (2020) 10:1505.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10091505pmc: PMC7552307pubmed: 32858828google scholar: lookup
  4. Alves ALG, Fonseca BPA, Thomassian A, Nicoletti JLM, Hussni CA, Silveira CA. Lombalgia em equinos.. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci (2007) 44:191–9.
    doi: 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2007.26638google scholar: lookup
  5. Holzhauer M, Bremer R, Santman-Berends I, Smink O, Janssens I, Back W. Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of and risk factors for hoof disorders in horses in the Netherlands.. Vet Med (2017) 140:53–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.013pubmed: 28460750google scholar: lookup
  6. Souza MV. Osteoarthritis in horses - part 1: relationship between clinical and radiographic examination for the diagnosis.. Braz Arch Biol Technol (2016) 59:1–9.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4324-2016150024google scholar: lookup
  7. Isola M, Piccinotti C, Magro M, Fasolato L, Vianello F, Menandro ML. Colloidal Iron oxide formulation for equine hoof disinfection.. Animals (2021) 11:766.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030766pmc: PMC8000413pubmed: 33801981google scholar: lookup
  8. Soma LR, Uboh CE, Maylin GM. The use of phenylbutazone in the horse.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther (2012) 35:1–12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01299.xpubmed: 21668837google scholar: lookup
  9. Mercer MA, Davis JL, McKenzie HC. The clinical pharmacology and therapeutic evaluation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in adult horses.. Animals (2023) 13:1597.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13101597pmc: PMC10215112pubmed: 37238029google scholar: lookup
  10. Flood J, Stewart AJ. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and associated toxicities in horses.. Animals (2022) 12:2939.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12212939pmc: PMC9655344pubmed: 36359062google scholar: lookup
  11. Atalay S, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Skrzydlewska E. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of Cannabidiol antioxidants.. Antioxidants (2020) 9:21.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9010021pmc: PMC7023045pubmed: 31881765google scholar: lookup
  12. Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Cannabis sativa: the Plant of the Thousand and one Molecules.. Front Plant Sci (2016) 7:19.
    doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019pmc: PMC4740396pubmed: 26870049google scholar: lookup
  13. De Briyne N, Holmes D, Sandler I, Stiles E, Szymanski D, Moody S. Cannabis, cannabidiol oils and tetrahydrocannabinol-what do veterinarians need to know?. Animals (2021) 11:892.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030892pmc: PMC8003882pubmed: 33804793google scholar: lookup
  14. Klatzkow S, Davis G, Shmalberg J, Gallastegui A, Miscioscia E, Tarricone J. Evaluation of the efficacy of a cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid rich hemp extract for pain in dogs following a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.. Front Vet Sci (2023) 9:1036056.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1036056pmc: PMC9846637pubmed: 36686184google scholar: lookup
  15. Miranda-Cortés A, Mota-Rojas D, Crosignani-Outeda N, Casas-Alvarado A, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A. The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals.. Front Vet Sci (2023) 9:1050884.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1050884pmc: PMC9848446pubmed: 36686189google scholar: lookup
  16. Eichler F, Poźniak B, Machnik M, Schenk I, Wingender A, Baudisch N. Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses.. Front Vet Sci (2023) 10:1234551.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234551pmc: PMC10445762pubmed: 37621871google scholar: lookup
  17. Eichler F, Ehrle A, Jensen KC, Baudisch N, Petersen H, Bäumer W. Behavioral observations, heart rate and heart rate variability in horses following oral administration of a cannabidiol containing paste in three escalating doses (part 1/2).. Front Vet Sci (2023) 10:1305868.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1305868pmc: PMC10750369pubmed: 38149295google scholar: lookup
  18. Mannucci C, Navarra M, Calapai F, Spagnolo EV, Busardò FP, Cas RD. Neurological aspects of medical use of Cannabidiol.. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets (2017) 16:541–53.
    doi: 10.2174/1871527316666170413114210pubmed: 28412918google scholar: lookup
  19. Gaston TE, Friedman D. Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.. Epilepsy Behav (2017) 70:313–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.016pubmed: 28087250google scholar: lookup
  20. Tsikas D. Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: analytical and biological challenges.. Anal Biochem (2017) 524:13–30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.10.021pubmed: 27789233google scholar: lookup
  21. Russo EB, Marcu J. Cannabis pharmacology: the usual suspects and a few promising leads.. Adv Pharmacol (2017) 80:67–134.
    doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004pubmed: 28826544google scholar: lookup
  22. Genovese T, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D, Caudullo S, Raffone E. Molecular and biochemical mechanism of Cannabidiol in the Management of the Inflammatory and Oxidative Processes Associated with endometriosis.. Int J Mol Sci (2022) 23:5427.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms23105427pmc: PMC9141153pubmed: 35628240google scholar: lookup
  23. Mlost J, Bryk M, Starowicz K. Cannabidiol for pain treatment: focus on pharmacology and mechanism of action.. Int J Mol Sci (2020) 21:8870.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21228870pmc: PMC7700528pubmed: 33238607google scholar: lookup
  24. Gugliandolo E, Licata P, Peritore AF, Siracusa R, D'Amico R, Cordaro M. Effect of Cannabidiol (CBD) on canine inflammatory response: an ex vivo study on LPS stimulated whole blood.. Vet Sci (2021) 8:185.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8090185pmc: PMC8473042pubmed: 34564578google scholar: lookup
  25. Polidoro D, Temmerman R, Devreese M, Charalambous M, Ham LV, Cornelis I. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol following intranasal, Intrarectal, and Oral Administration in Healthy Dogs.. Front Vet Sci (2022) 9:899940.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899940pmc: PMC9215213pubmed: 35754531google scholar: lookup
  26. Ortiz F., Castillo M., Hernández Q., Flores C.. Preliminary evaluation of Cannabidiol use in an Asian elephant: brief report.. Preprints (2021) 2021060442.
  27. Carpenter JW, Tully TN Jr, Rockwell K, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in the Hispaniolan Amazon parrot (Amazona ventralis).. J Avian Med Surg (2022) 36:121–7.
    doi: 10.1647/20-00076pubmed: 35972864google scholar: lookup
  28. Raspa F, Tarantola M, Muca E, Bergero D, Soglia D, Cavallini D. Does feeding management make a difference to behavioural activities and welfare of horses reared for meat production?. Animals (2022) 12:1740.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12141740pmc: PMC9311627pubmed: 35883287google scholar: lookup
  29. Raspa F, Vervuert I, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Bergero D, Forte C. A high-starch vs. high-fibre diet: effects on the gut environment of the different intestinal compartments of the horse digestive tract.. BMC Vet Res (2022) 18:187.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03289-2pmc: PMC9118577pubmed: 35590319google scholar: lookup
  30. Spadari A, Gialletti R, Gandini M, Valle E, Cerullo A, Cavallini D. Short-term survival and postoperative complications rates in horses undergoing colic surgery: a multicentre study.. Animals (2023) 13:1107.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13061107pmc: PMC10044551pubmed: 36978647google scholar: lookup
  31. Ryan D, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Puschner B, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and effects on arachidonic acid metabolism of low doses of cannabidiol following oral administration to horses.. Drug Test Anal (2021) 13:1305–17.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.3028pubmed: 33723919google scholar: lookup
  32. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J (1983) 4:371–2.
    pubmed: 6641685
  33. Piccione G, Caola G, Refinetti R. Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol (2005) 142:389–96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.07.019pubmed: 16290083google scholar: lookup
  34. van Loon JPAM, Macri L. Objective assessment of chronic pain in horses using the horse chronic pain scale (HCPS): a scale-construction study.. Animals (1826) 11:11.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061826pmc: PMC8234780pubmed: 34207290google scholar: lookup
  35. van Loon JP, Jonckheer-Sheehy VS, Back W, van Weeren PR, Hellebrekers LJ. Monitoring equine visceral pain with a composite pain scale score and correlation with survival after emergency gastrointestinal surgery.. Vet J (2014) 200:109–15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.003pubmed: 24491373google scholar: lookup
  36. Bussières G, Jacques C, Lainay O, Beauchamp G, Leblond A, Cadore JL. Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses.. Res Vet Sci (2008) 85:294–306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.011pubmed: 18061637google scholar: lookup
  37. de Grauw JC, van Loon JP. Systematic pain assessment in horses.. Vet J (2016) 209:14–22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.030pubmed: 26831169google scholar: lookup
  38. von Lewinski M, Biau S, Erber R, Ille N, Aurich J, Faure JM. Cortisol release, heart rate and heart rate variability in the horse and its rider: different responses to training and performance.. Vet J (2013) 197:229–32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.025pubmed: 23380228google scholar: lookup
  39. Landa L, Trojan V, Demlova R, Jurica J, Hrib R. Cannabidiol and the possibilities of its use in veterinary medicine of dogs and horses: a brief review.. Vet Med (2022) 67:455–62.
    doi: 10.17221/127/2021-VETMEDpmc: PMC11071133pubmed: 38715968google scholar: lookup
  40. Sánchez-Aparicio P, Florán B, Rodríguez Velázquez D, Ibancovichi JA, Varela Guerrero JA, Recillas S. Cannabinoids CB2 receptors, one new promising drug target for chronic and degenerative pain conditions in equine veterinary patients.. J Equine Vet (2020) 85:102880.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102880pubmed: 31952645google scholar: lookup
  41. Miagkoff L, Girard CA, St-Jean G, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in equine synovium and upregulated with synovitis.. Equine Vet J (2023) 55:681–95.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13860pubmed: 35836386google scholar: lookup
  42. Galiazzo G, De Silva M, Giancola F, Rinnovati R, Peli A, Chiocchetti R. Cellular distribution of cannabinoid-related receptors TRPV1, PPAR-gamma, GPR55 and GPR3 in the equine cervical dorsal root ganglia.. Equine Vet J (2021) 54:788–98.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13499pmc: PMC9293124pubmed: 34418142google scholar: lookup
  43. Zamith Cunha R, Zannoni A, Salamanca G, De Silva M, Rinnovati R, Gramenzi A. Expression of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and cannabinoid-related receptors (TRPV1, GPR55, and PPARα) in the synovial membrane of the horse metacarpophalangeal joint.. Front Vet Sci (2023) 10:1045030.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1045030pmc: PMC10020506pubmed: 36937015google scholar: lookup
  44. Chiocchetti R, Rinnovati R, Tagliavia C, Stanzani A, Galiazzo G, Giancola F. Localisation of cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors in the equine dorsal root ganglia.. Equine Vet J (2021) 53:549–57.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13305pubmed: 32524649google scholar: lookup
  45. Guindon J, Hohmann AG. The endocannabinoid system and pain.. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets (2009) 8:403–21.
    doi: 10.2174/187152709789824660pmc: PMC2834283pubmed: 19839937google scholar: lookup
  46. Ribeiro A, Ferraz-De-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Vitoretti LB, Mariano-Souza DP, Quinteiro-Filho WM. Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoid, decreases inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury: role for the adenosine a 2A receptor.. Eur J Pharmacol (2012) 678:78–85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.043pubmed: 22265864google scholar: lookup
  47. Turner S, Barker VD, Adams AA. Effects of Cannabidiol on the in vitro lymphocyte pro-inflammatory cytokine production of senior horses.. J Equine Vet (2021) 103:103668.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103668pubmed: 34281647google scholar: lookup
  48. Bruni N, Della Pepa C, Oliaro-Bosso S, Pessione E, Gastaldi D, Dosio F. Cannabinoid delivery systems for pain and inflammation treatment.. Molecules (2018) 23:2478.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules23102478pmc: PMC6222489pubmed: 30262735google scholar: lookup
  49. Bartner LR, McGrath S, Rao S, Hyatt LK, Wittenburg LA. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered by 3 delivery methods at 2 different dosages to healthy dogs.. Can J Vet Res (2018) 82:178–83.
    pmc: PMC6038832pubmed: 30026641
  50. Draeger AL, Thomas EP, Jones KA, Davis AJ, Porr CAS. The effects of pelleted cannabidiol supplementation on heart rate and reaction scores in horses.. J Vet Behav (2021) 46:97–100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.003google scholar: lookup
  51. Draeger AL, Hoffman LK, Godwin PR, Davis AJ. Pharmacokinetics of a single feeding of pelleted Cannabidiol in horses.. Steeplechase ORCA Stud J (2021) 4:1.
  52. Mazzetti C, Ferri E, Pozzi M, Labra M. Quantification of the content of cannabidiol in commercially available e-liquids and studies on their thermal and photo-stability.. Sci Rep (2020) 10:3697.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60477-6pmc: PMC7048723pubmed: 32111858google scholar: lookup
  53. Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety assessment with use of CBD-rich hemp nutraceutical in healthy dogs and cats.. Animals (2019) 9:832.
    doi: 10.3390/ani9100832pmc: PMC6826847pubmed: 31635105google scholar: lookup
  54. Wang T, Zakharov A, Gomez B, Lyubimov A, Trottier NL, Schwark WS. Serum cannabinoid 24 h and 1 week steady state pharmacokinetic assessment in cats using a CBD/CBDA rich hemp paste.. Front Vet Sci (2022) 9:895368.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.895368pmc: PMC9355628pubmed: 35937287google scholar: lookup
  55. McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Packer RA, Gustafson DL. Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of oral cannabidiol administration in addition to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy.. JAVMA (2019) 254:1301–8.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1301pubmed: 31067185google scholar: lookup
  56. Yocom AF, O’Fallon ES, Gustafson D, Contino EK. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and synovial fluid concentrations of single and multiple-dose oral administration of 1 and 3 mg/kg Cannabidiol in horses.. J Equine Vet (2022) 113:103933.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103933pubmed: 35307550google scholar: lookup
  57. Taylor L, Gidal B, Blakey G, Tayo B, Morrison G. A phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose, multiple dose, and food effect trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of highly purified cannabidiol in healthy subjects.. CNS Drugs (2018) 32:1053–67.
    doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0578-5pmc: PMC6223703pubmed: 30374683google scholar: lookup
  58. Dyke T, Hubbell J, Sams R, Hinchcliff K. Hepatic blood flow in horses during the recuperative period from maximal exercise.. Am J Vet Res (1998) 59:1476–80.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.1998.59.11.1476pubmed: 9829410google scholar: lookup
  59. Placci M, Marliani G, Sabioni S, Gabai G, Mondo E, Borghetti P. Natural horse boarding vs traditional stable: a comparison of hormonal, hematological and immunological parameters.. J Appl Anim Welf Sci (2020) 23:366–77.
    doi: 10.1080/10888705.2019.1663737pubmed: 32441218google scholar: lookup
  60. Arena I, Marliani G, Sabioni S, Gabai G, Bucci D, Accorsi PA. Assessment of horses’ welfare: behavioral, hormonal, and husbandry aspects.. J Vet Behav (2021) 41:82–90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.006google scholar: lookup
  61. Marliani G, Sprocatti I, Schiavoni G, Bellodi A, Accorsi PA. Evaluation of Horses' daytime activity budget in a model of ethological stable: a case study in Italy.. J Appl Anim Welf Sci (2021) 24:200–13.
    doi: 10.1080/10888705.2020.1857252pubmed: 33353417google scholar: lookup
  62. Muca E, Cavallini D, Odore R, Baratta M, Bergero D, Valle E. Are veterinary students using technologies and online learning resources for didactic training? A mini-meta analysis.. Educ Sci (2022) 12:573.
    doi: 10.3390/educsci12080573google scholar: lookup
  63. Muca E, Buonaiuto G, Lamanna M, Silvestrelli S, Ghiaccio F, Federiconi A. Reaching a wider audience: Instagram’s role in dairy cow nutrition education and engagement.. Animals (2023) 13:3503.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13223503pmc: PMC10668764pubmed: 38003121google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.