FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
International journal of molecular sciences2025; 26(9); doi: 10.3390/ijms26094208

In Vitro Immunomodulatory Effects of Equine Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Primed with a Cannabidiol-Rich Extract.

Abstract: Cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) shows promise for treating several diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. To enhance the therapeutic potential of MSCs, in vitro priming strategies have been explored. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from cannabis, may influence MSC proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties. This study evaluates the immunomodulatory potential of equine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (EqAT-MSCs) primed with a CBD-rich cannabis extract. EqAT-MSCs (P3) were primed with CBD concentrations of 5 µM and 7 µM for 24 h. Morphological analysis, MTT assay, β-galactosidase activity, apoptosis assays, and gene expression of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were conducted. Additionally, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) expression were evaluated in naïve EqAT-MSCs (P2-P5). The naïve EqAT-MSCs expressed CB1 and CB2 receptors. Priming with 5 µM significantly increased the expression of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, while 7 µM decreased IL-1β and IL-6 expression. No significant changes were observed in other cytokines, MTT, β-galactosidase activity, or apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that naïve EqAT-MSCs express CB1 and CB2 receptors and priming with the extract modulates the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, highlighting its potential immunomodulatory role in EqAT-MSC-based therapies.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-04-29 PubMed ID: 40362445PubMed Central: PMC12071624DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094208Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how priming horse fat-derived stem cells with Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating compound from cannabis, may enhance their therapeutic potential due to modifying their proliferation, differentiation, and immune regulating properties.

Objective of the Research

  • The main objective of this research was to study the immunomodulatory potential of equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that had been treated with a CBD-rich extract. This was to understand if CBD has the potential to enhance the therapeutic application of these MSCs by changing their properties like proliferation and differentiation.

Research Methodology

  • The equine MSCs were treated with CBD concentrations of 5 µM and 7 µM for 24 hours and subsequently subjected to multiple tests including morphological analysis, MTT assay, β-galactosidase activity, apoptosis assays, and gene expression analysis.
  • The gene expression of various interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) and other factors like interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were examined.
  • The research also looked at the expression of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) in untreated (naïve) equine MSCs.

Research Findings

  • The study found that untreated equine MSCs already expressed CB1 and CB2 receptors.
  • Treating the cells with 5 µM of CBD significantly increased the expression of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. On the other hand, a 7 µM treatment decreased IL-1β and IL-6 expression.
  • No significant changes were observed in other cytokines, in the MTT, β-galactosidase activity, or apoptosis.

Implication of the Findings

  • The research shows that treating equine MSCs with CBD-rich extract modulates the expression of certain pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that CBD could potentially have an immunomodulatory role in MSC-based therapy.
  • This could enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy in treating various diseases that involve inflammation and immune system activity.

Cite This Article

APA
Battistin L, Moya LFA, Ferreira LVO, Braz AMM, Carvalho M, Golim MA, Amorim RM. (2025). In Vitro Immunomodulatory Effects of Equine Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Primed with a Cannabidiol-Rich Extract. Int J Mol Sci, 26(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094208

Publication

International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
NlmUniqueID: 101092791
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 26
Issue: 9

Researcher Affiliations

Battistin, Lorena
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
Moya, Luís Felipe Arantes
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
Ferreira, Lucas Vinícius de Oliveira
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
  • Center for Translational Research in Regenerative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
Braz, Aline Márcia Marques
  • Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Clinical Hospital of the Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil.
Carvalho, Márcio de
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
Golim, Marjorie de Assis
  • Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Clinical Hospital of the Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil.
Amorim, Rogério Martins
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
  • Center for Translational Research in Regenerative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cannabidiol / pharmacology
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / drug effects
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / cytology
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / immunology
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Adipose Tissue / cytology
  • Plant Extracts / pharmacology
  • Immunomodulation / drug effects
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Cell Differentiation / drug effects
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / metabolism
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects

Grant Funding

  • This study was funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (2022/08919-2 and 2022/16418-3). Additionally, the study was supported by a doctoral scholarship granted by FAPESP (2024/19980-0). / FAPESP

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 51 references
  1. Andrzejewska A, Dabrowska S, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Mesenchymal stem cells for neurological disorders.. Adv. Sci. 2021;8:2002944.
    doi: 10.1002/advs.202002944pmc: PMC8024997pubmed: 33854883google scholar: lookup
  2. Fan X.L, Zhang Y, Li X, Fu Q.L. Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy.. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2020;77:2771–2794.
    doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03454-6pmc: PMC7223321pubmed: 31965214google scholar: lookup
  3. Alvites R, Branquinho M, Sousa A.C, Lopes B, Sousa P, Maurício A.C. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their paracrine activity—Immunomodulation mechanisms and how to influence the therapeutic potential.. Pharmaceutics 2022;14:381.
    doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020381pmc: PMC8875256pubmed: 35214113google scholar: lookup
  4. Chen P.M, Liu K.J, Hsu P.J, Wei C.F, Bai C.H, Ho L.J, Sytwu H.K, Yen B.L. Induction of immunomodulatory monocytes by human mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocyte growth factor through ERK1/2.. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2014;96:295–303.
    doi: 10.1189/jlb.3A0513-242Rpubmed: 24714552google scholar: lookup
  5. Maličev E, Jazbec K. An overview of mesenchymal stem cell heterogeneity and concentration.. Pharmaceuticals 2024;17:350.
    doi: 10.3390/ph17030350pmc: PMC10975472pubmed: 38543135google scholar: lookup
  6. Smith R.K, Garvican E.R, Fortier L.A. The current ‘state of play’ of regenerative medicine in horses: What the horse can tell the human.. Regen. Med. 2014;9:673–685.
    doi: 10.2217/rme.14.42pubmed: 25372081google scholar: lookup
  7. Ribitsch I, Baptista P.M, Consiglio A.L, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F, Feichter E.S, Dutton L.C, Connolly D.J, Steenbeek F.G.V. Large animal models in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering: To do or not to do.. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020;8:972.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972pmc: PMC7438731pubmed: 32903631google scholar: lookup
  8. Haider K.H. Priming mesenchymal stem cells to develop “super stem cells”.. World J. Stem Cells. 2024;16:623.
    doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i6.623pmc: PMC11212549pubmed: 38948094google scholar: lookup
  9. Noronha N.C, Mizukami A, Oliveira C.C, Cominal J.G, Rocha J.L.M, Covas D.T, Swiech K, Malmegrim K.C.R. Priming approaches to improve the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies.. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2019;10:131.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1224-ypmc: PMC6498654pubmed: 31046833google scholar: lookup
  10. Al-Mrahleh M, Matar S, Jafar H, Wehaibi S, Aslam N, Awidi A. Human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells primed by tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ modulate the innate and adaptive immune cells of type 1 diabetic patients.. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:732549.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732549pmc: PMC8506215pubmed: 34650558google scholar: lookup
  11. Amorim R.M, Clark K.C, Walker N.J, Kumar P, Herout K, Borjesson D.L, Wang A. Placenta-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: A promising potential cell-based therapy for canine inflammatory brain disease.. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2020;11:304.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01799-0pmc: PMC7374910pubmed: 32698861google scholar: lookup
  12. Barrachina L, Remacha A.R, Romero A, Vázquez F.J, Albareda J, Prades M, Gosálvez J, Roy R, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I. Priming equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with proinflammatory cytokines: Implications in immunomodulation–immunogenicity balance, cell viability, and differentiation potential.. Stem Cells Dev. 2017;26:15–24.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2016.0209pubmed: 27712399google scholar: lookup
  13. Mohammadpour H, Pourfathollah A.A, Zarif M.N, Hashemi S.M. Increasing proliferation of murine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells by TNF-α plus IFN-γ.. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2016;38:68–76.
    doi: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1115519pubmed: 26619160google scholar: lookup
  14. Seo Y, Shin T.H, Kim H.S. Current strategies to enhance adipose stem cell function: An update.. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:3827.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20153827pmc: PMC6696067pubmed: 31387282google scholar: lookup
  15. Ferreira L.V.O, Kamura B.C, Oliveira J.P.M, Chimenes N.D, Carvalho M, Santos L.A, Dias-Melicio L.A, Amorim R.L, Amorim R.M. In vitro transdifferentiation potential of equine mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann-like cells.. Stem Cells Dev. 2023;32:422–432.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2022.0274pmc: PMC10401561pubmed: 37071193google scholar: lookup
  16. Yang Y, Lee E.H, Yang Z. Hypoxia-conditioned mesenchymal stem cells in tissue regeneration application.. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2022;28:966–977.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0145pubmed: 34569290google scholar: lookup
  17. Iffland K, Grotenhermen F. An update on safety and side effects of cannabidiol: A review of clinical data and relevant animal studies.. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2017;2:139–154.
    doi: 10.1089/can.2016.0034pmc: PMC5569602pubmed: 28861514google scholar: lookup
  18. Martínez V, De-Hond A.I, Borrelli F, Capasso R, Castillo M.D, Abalo R. Cannabidiol and other non-psychoactive cannabinoids for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: Useful nutraceuticals?. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:3067.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21093067pmc: PMC7246936pubmed: 32357565google scholar: lookup
  19. Martini S, Gemma A, Ferrari M, Cosentino M, Marino F. Effects of cannabidiol on innate immunity: Experimental evidence and clinical relevance.. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24:3125.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms24043125pmc: PMC9964491pubmed: 36834537google scholar: lookup
  20. Fellous T, Maio F, Kalkan H, Carannante B, Boccella S, Petrosino S, Maione S, Marzo V, Iannotti F.A. Phytocannabinoids promote viability and functional adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through different molecular targets.. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2020;175:113859.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113859pubmed: 32061773google scholar: lookup
  21. Li L, Feng J, Sun L, Xuan Y.W, Wen L, Li Y.X, Yang S, Zhu B, Tian X.Y, Li S. Cannabidiol promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment via the CB2-dependent p38 MAPK signaling pathway.. Int. J. Stem Cells. 2022;15:405–414.
    doi: 10.15283/ijsc21152pmc: PMC9705154pubmed: 35220282google scholar: lookup
  22. Kowalczuk A, Marycz K, Garbowska K.K, Kornicka J, Zadrozny M.B, Groborz S. Cannabidiol (CBD) protects adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) against endoplasmic reticulum stress development and its complications.. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:10864.
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710864pmc: PMC9518341pubmed: 36078578google scholar: lookup
  23. Libro R, Scionti D, Diomede F, Marchisio M, Grassi G, Pollastro F, Piattelli A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Cannabidiol modulates the immunophenotype and inhibits the activation of the inflammasome in human gingival mesenchymal stem cells.. Front. Physiol. 2016;7:559.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00559pmc: PMC5121123pubmed: 27932991google scholar: lookup
  24. Yu L, Zeng L, Zhang Z, Zhu G, Xu Z, Xia J, Weng J, Li J, Pathak J.L. Cannabidiol rescues TNF-α-inhibited proliferation, migration, and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells.. Biomolecules 2023;13:118.
    doi: 10.3390/biom13010118pmc: PMC9856031pubmed: 36671503google scholar: lookup
  25. Xie J, Xiao D, Xu Y, Zhao J, Jiang L, Hu X, Zhang Y, Yu L. Up-regulation of immunomodulatory effects of mouse bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by tetrahydrocannabinol pre-treatment involving cannabinoid receptor CB2.. Oncotarget 2016;7:6436–6447.
    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7042pmc: PMC4872725pubmed: 26824325google scholar: lookup
  26. Henson J.D, Vitetta L, Quezada M, Hall S. Enhancing endocannabinoid control of stress with cannabidiol.. J. Clin. Med. 2021;10:5852.
    doi: 10.3390/jcm10245852pmc: PMC8704602pubmed: 34945148google scholar: lookup
  27. Stasiulewicz A, Znajdek K, Grudzién M, Pawinski T, Sulkowska J.I. A guide to targeting the endocannabinoid system in drug design.. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:2778.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21082778pmc: PMC7216112pubmed: 32316328google scholar: lookup
  28. Lee B.C, Kang K.S. Functional enhancement strategies for immunomodulation of mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutic application.. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2020;11:397.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01920-3pmc: PMC7491075pubmed: 32928306google scholar: lookup
  29. Li M, Jiang Y, Hou Q, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Fu X. Potential pre-activation strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells: Current status and future prospects.. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2022;13:146.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-02822-2pmc: PMC8981790pubmed: 35379361google scholar: lookup
  30. Naya N.M, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Abbate A, Toldo S. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of cannabidiol.. Molecules 2023;28:5980.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules28165980pmc: PMC10458707pubmed: 37630232google scholar: lookup
  31. Rajan T.S, Giacoppo S, Scionti D, Diomede F, Grassi G, Pollastro F, Piattelli A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Cannabidiol activates neuronal precursor genes in human gingival mesenchymal stromal cells.. J. Cell. Biochem. 2017;118:1531–1546.
    doi: 10.1002/jcb.25815pubmed: 27918106google scholar: lookup
  32. Schmuhl E, Ramer R, Salamon A, Peters K, Hinz B. Increase of mesenchymal stem cell migration by cannabidiol via activation of p42/44 MAPK.. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2014;87:489–501.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.016pubmed: 24304686google scholar: lookup
  33. Lu H.C, Mackie K. Review of the endocannabinoid system.. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging. 2021;6:607–615.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.016pmc: PMC7855189pubmed: 32980261google scholar: lookup
  34. Bari M, Tedesco M, Battista N, Pasquariello N, Pucci M, Gasperi V, Scaldaferri M.L, Farini D, Felici M, Maccarrone M. Characterization of the endocannabinoid system in mouse embryonic stem cells.. Stem Cells Dev. 2011;20:139–147.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2009.0515pubmed: 20446814google scholar: lookup
  35. Ruhl T, Karthaus N, Kim B.S, Beier J.P. The endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 affect the regenerative potential of adipose tissue MSCs.. Exp. Cell Res. 2020;389:111881.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111881pubmed: 32006556google scholar: lookup
  36. Mechoulam R, Parker L.A. The endocannabinoid system and the brain.. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2013;64:21–47.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143739pubmed: 22804774google scholar: lookup
  37. Libro R, Diomede F, Scionti D, Piattelli A, Grassi G, Pollastro F, Bramanti P, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Cannabidiol modulates the expression of Alzheimer’s disease-related genes in mesenchymal stem cells.. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016;18:26.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms18010026pmc: PMC5297661pubmed: 28025562google scholar: lookup
  38. Kozela E, Pietr M, Juknat A, Rimmerman N, Levy R, Vogel Z. Cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-κB and interferon-β/STAT proinflammatory pathways in BV-2 microglial cells.. J. Biol. Chem. 2010;285:1616–1626.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.069294pmc: PMC2804319pubmed: 19910459google scholar: lookup
  39. Ma H, Xu F, Liu C, Seeram N.P. A network pharmacology approach to identify potential molecular targets for cannabidiol’s anti-inflammatory activity.. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021;6:288–299.
    doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0025pmc: PMC8380804pubmed: 33998855google scholar: lookup
  40. Liu C, Ma H, Slitt A.L, Seeram N.P. Inhibitory effect of cannabidiol on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with its modulation of the P2X7 receptor in human monocytes.. J. Nat. Prod. 2020;83:2025–2029.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00138pubmed: 32374168google scholar: lookup
  41. Suryavanshi S.V, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. Cannabinoids as Key Regulators of Inflammasome Signaling: A Current Perspective.. Front. Immunol. 2021;11:613613.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613613pmc: PMC7876066pubmed: 33584697google scholar: lookup
  42. Minshawi F, Lanvermann S, McKenzie E, Jeffery R, Couper K, Papoutsopoulou S, Roers A, Muller W. The generation of an engineered interleukin-10 protein with improved stability and biological function.. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:1794.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01794pmc: PMC7431522pubmed: 32849644google scholar: lookup
  43. Yousaf M, Chang D, Liu Y, Liu T, Zhou X. Neuroprotection of cannabidiol, its synthetic derivatives and combination preparations against microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurological disorders.. Molecules 2022;27:4961.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules27154961pmc: PMC9370304pubmed: 35956911google scholar: lookup
  44. Mittal S.K, Roche P.A. Suppression of antigen presentation by IL-10.. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2015;34:22–27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.009pmc: PMC4444374pubmed: 25597442google scholar: lookup
  45. Neumann C, Scheffold A, Rutz S. Functions and regulation of T cell-derived interleukin-10.. Semin. Immunol. 2019;44:101344.
    doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101344pubmed: 31727465google scholar: lookup
  46. Turner S, Barker V.D, Adams A.A. Effects of cannabidiol on the in vitro lymphocyte pro-inflammatory cytokine production of senior horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2021;103:103668.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103668pubmed: 34281647google scholar: lookup
  47. Turner S, Knych H.K, Adams A.A. The effects of cannabidiol on immune function and health parameters in senior horses.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2023;257:110549.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110549pubmed: 36682327google scholar: lookup
  48. Li X, Köner H, Liu X. Susceptibility to intracellular infections: Contributions of TNF to immune defense.. Front. Microbiol. 2020;11:1643.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01643pmc: PMC7374010pubmed: 32760383google scholar: lookup
  49. Kak G, Raza M, Tiwari B.K. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases.. Biomol. Concepts. 2018;9:64–79.
    doi: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0007pubmed: 29856726google scholar: lookup
  50. Barberini D.J, Freitas N.P.P, Magnoni M.S, Maia L, Listoni A.J, Heckler M.C, Sudano M.J, Golim M.A, Landim-Alvarenga F.C, Amorim R.M. Equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord: Immunophenotypic characterization and differentiation potential.. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2014;5:25.
    doi: 10.1186/scrt414pmc: PMC4055040pubmed: 24559797google scholar: lookup
  51. Livak K.J, Schmittgen T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method.. Methods 2001;25:402–408.
    doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262pubmed: 11846609google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. da Costa Kamura B, de Oliveira Ferreira LV, Chimenes ND, de Oliveira JPM, Rodriguez-Sanchez DN, de Carvalho M, Amorim RM. Cannabidiol-rich extract suppresses the activation of proinflammatory genes IL-1β and IL-6 in equine mesenchymal stem cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Vet Res Commun 2026 Feb 24;50(3).
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-026-11105-7pubmed: 41733607google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.