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Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc2006; 18(3); 264-267; doi: 10.1177/104063870601800305

Inability of kaolin treatment to remove nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum for the hemagglutination inhibition test against equine H7N7 influenza virus.

Abstract: The hemagglutination inhibition test is used by many diagnostic and surveillance laboratories for detection of antibodies to influenza viruses. It is well known that the hemagglutination inhibition test is affected by nonspecific inhibitors present in equine serum. Several serum treatments are in use to remove these inhibitors, including treatment with kaolin. Discrepant results were observed in the authors' laboratories when using kaolin treatment before testing equine sera for antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype-1 (H7N7). It is demonstrated here that kaolin treatment leads to false positive results when testing for antibodies against EIV subtype-1, as compared to other standard serum treatments (trypsin-periodate, receptor-destroying enzyme). Against EIV subtype-2 (H3N8), however, false positive results were not evident. Trypsinperiodate and receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) treatments appear to be superior to kaolin for removal of nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum and should be used for serological diagnosis and surveillance of equine influenza virus.
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Publication Date: 2006-06-23 PubMed ID: 16789714DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800305Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article examines why kaolin treatment, used to remove nonspecific inhibitors in equine serum, may lead to false positive results in tests for antibodies against influenza virus subtype H7N7. Other treatments like trypsin-periodate and receptor-destroying enzyme seem to deliver more accurate results.

Research Aim and Context

  • The research aims to understand the discrepancies in results of hemagglutination inhibition tests for equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype-1 (H7N7) when treated with kaolin.
  • These tests are crucial diagnostic and surveillance tools for detection of influenza virus antibodies. However, nonspecific inhibitors present in equine serum can affect these tests’ accuracy.
  • Several serum treatments such as kaolin, trypsin-periodate, and receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) are available to remove these inhibitors. This research, however, focuses predominantly on the efficiency of kaolin.

Research Method

  • The researchers cross-compare the results of the hemagglutination tests after serum treatments with kaolin, trypsin-periodate, and RDE.
  • They aim to identify the treatment which yields the highest accuracy in the detection of antibodies against EIV subtypes H7N7 and H3N8.
  • The researchers thoroughly scrutinize the tests’ results when kaolin is used as a treatment for equine serum containing antibodies against EIV subtype-1 (H7N7).

Findings

  • The study reveals that kaolin treatment can lead to false positive results when testing for antibodies against EIV subtype-1.
  • No evidence of false positive results was found against EIV subtype-2 (H3N8).
  • The study hence concludes that trypsin-periodate and RDE treatments are superior to kaolin for the removal of nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum.

Implications

  • The research suggests that kaolin should not be used for serological diagnosis and surveillance of equine influenza virus subtype H7N7.
  • Instead, it recommends the use of treatments like trypsin-periodate or RDE that provide more accurate results.

Cite This Article

APA
Boliar S, Stanislawek W, Chambers TM. (2006). Inability of kaolin treatment to remove nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum for the hemagglutination inhibition test against equine H7N7 influenza virus. J Vet Diagn Invest, 18(3), 264-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800305

Publication

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
ISSN: 1040-6387
NlmUniqueID: 9011490
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 264-267

Researcher Affiliations

Boliar, Saikat
  • Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
Stanislawek, Wlodek
    Chambers, Thomas M

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Antibodies, Viral / blood
      • Chick Embryo
      • False Positive Reactions
      • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / methods
      • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / standards
      • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / veterinary
      • Horse Diseases / blood
      • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
      • Horse Diseases / virology
      • Horses
      • Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / isolation & purification
      • Kaolin / chemistry
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / blood
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology

      Citations

      This article has been cited 7 times.
      1. Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
        doi: 10.3390/v13081657pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
      2. Paungpin W, Wiriyarat W, Chaichoun K, Tiyanun E, Sangkachai N, Changsom D, Poltep K, Ratanakorn P, Puthavathana P. Serosurveillance for pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in domestic elephants, Thailand. PLoS One 2017;12(10):e0186962.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186962pubmed: 29073255google scholar: lookup
      3. Detmer S, Gramer M, Goyal S, Torremorell M, Torrison J. Diagnostics and surveillance for Swine influenza. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013;370:85-112.
        doi: 10.1007/82_2012_220pubmed: 22566130google scholar: lookup
      4. Rajão DS, Alves F, Del Puerto HL, Braz GF, Oliveira FG, Ciacci-Zanella JR, Schaefer R, dos Reis JK, Guedes RM, Lobato ZI, Leite RC. Serological evidence of swine influenza in Brazil. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Mar;7(2):109-12.
        doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00366.xpubmed: 22487322google scholar: lookup
      5. Ault A, Zajac AM, Kong WP, Gorres JP, Royals M, Wei CJ, Bao S, Yang ZY, Reedy SE, Sturgill TL, Page AE, Donofrio-Newman J, Adams AA, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM, Nabel GJ, Rao SS. Immunogenicity and clinical protection against equine influenza by DNA vaccination of ponies. Vaccine 2012 Jun 6;30(26):3965-74.
        doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.026pubmed: 22449425google scholar: lookup
      6. Nieto-Ponce M, Reyna-Rosas E, Palencia-Reyes RA, Blancas-Ruíz C, Aguilar-Rafael G, Rubio-Diaz MPR, Ramírez-Martínez LA, Carranza C, Lozano-Dubernard B, Torres M, Zamudio-Meza H. The Validation of a Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay That Detects Antibodies Against a Newcastle Disease Virus-Based Vaccine Vector in Human Serum Samples. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Mar 22;13(4).
        doi: 10.3390/vaccines13040342pubmed: 40333216google scholar: lookup
      7. Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. Curr Res Microb Sci 2023;5:100202.
        doi: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202pubmed: 37700857google scholar: lookup
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