FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Immunol Immunopathol / Infection with equine infectious anemia virus vaccine strain...
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology2016; 170; 30-40; doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.006

Infection with equine infectious anemia virus vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 causes no visible histopathological lesions in target organs in association with restricted viral replication and unique cytokine response.

Abstract: The live equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 was developed by in vitro attenuation of a virulent strain, EIAVLN40, in the 1970s, and it has been demonstrated to induce protective immunity under laboratory and natural EIAV infection conditions. The detailed biological features of this attenuated virus remain to be further investigated. Experimental inoculation with EIAVDLV121 did not result in clinical symptoms even with immunosuppressive treatment in our previous studies. Here, we further investigated whether the replication of the vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 in experimentally infected horses causes histopathological lesions to develop in the targeted organs. Both the lungs and the spleen have been demonstrated to support EIAV replication. By evaluating the gross macroscopic and histological changes, we found that EIAVDLV121 did not cause detectable histopathological lesions and that it replicated several hundred times more slowly than its parental virulent strain, EIAVLN40, in tissues. Immunochemical assays of these tissues indicated that the primary target cells of EIAVDLV121 were monocytes/macrophages, but that EIAVLN40 also infected alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. In addition, both of these viral strains promoted the up- and down-regulation of the expression of various cytokines and chemokines, implicating the potential involvement of these cellular factors in the pathological outcomes of EIAV infection and host immune responses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the EIAV vaccine strain does not cause obvious histopathological lesions or clinical symptoms and that it induces a unique cytokine response profile. These features are considered essential for EIAVDLV121 to function as an effective live vaccine.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-01-23 PubMed ID: 26832985PubMed Central: PMC7112881DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.006Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores the effects of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 on target organs, finding that it does not cause visible histopathological lesions due to its restricted replication and unique cytokine response.

Background of the Study

  • The study followed the application of the live equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine strain EIAVDLV121, which was developed to counter a virulent strain called EIAVLN40.
  • This vaccine strain was developed using in vitro attenuation methods in the 1970s and has been shown to induce protective immunity in both lab and natural EIAV infection conditions.

Objectives of the Study

  • The research aimed to study the detailed biological features of the EIAVDLV121 and whether it causes histopathological lesions in targeted organs upon replication.

Methods and Findings

  • Through the experimental inoculation of horses with EIAVDLV121, it was observed that the virus did not cause clinical symptoms even with immunosuppressive treatment.
  • Investigation of the virus replication in the lungs and spleen—organs that support EIAV replication—revealed that EIAVDLV121 didn’t cause noticeable histopathological lesions and replicated slower than the virulent parent strain EIAVLN40.
  • Immunochemical assays found that the primary target cells of EIAVDLV121 were monocytes/macrophages, while EIAVLN40 also infected alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells.
  • Both strains were found to regulate the expression of various cytokines and chemokines, suggesting a potential role of these cellular factors in EIAV infection outcomes and immune responses.

Conclusion

  • The study concluded that the EIAV vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 doesn’t cause notable histopathological lesions or clinical symptoms while inducing a unique cytokine response. These findings suggest that EIAVDLV121’s ability to function as an effective live vaccine is due to these features.

Cite This Article

APA
Liu Q, Ma J, Wang XF, Xiao F, Li LJ, Zhang JE, Lin YZ, Du C, He XJ, Wang X, Zhou JH. (2016). Infection with equine infectious anemia virus vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 causes no visible histopathological lesions in target organs in association with restricted viral replication and unique cytokine response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 170, 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.006

Publication

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
ISSN: 1873-2534
NlmUniqueID: 8002006
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 170
Pages: 30-40
PII: S0165-2427(16)30006-X

Researcher Affiliations

Liu, Qiang
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Ma, Jian
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Wang, Xue-Feng
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Xiao, Fei
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Li, Li-Jia
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Zhang, Jiao-Er
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Lin, Yue-Zhi
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
Du, Cheng
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
He, Xi-Jun
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China. Electronic address: hexijun@caas.cn.
Wang, Xiaojun
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China. Electronic address: xjw@hvri.ac.cn.
Zhou, Jian-Hua
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Biovaccine Company, Harbin 150069, China. Electronic address: jianhua_uc@126.com.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cytokines / biosynthesis
  • Equine Infectious Anemia / pathology
  • Equine Infectious Anemia / prevention & control
  • Equine Infectious Anemia / virology
  • Horses
  • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
  • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / pathogenicity
  • Lung / pathology
  • Male
  • Spleen / pathology
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / adverse effects
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
  • Viral Vaccines / adverse effects
  • Viral Vaccines / immunology
  • Virus Replication

References

This article includes 62 references
  1. Abel K, Alegria-Hartman MJ, Rothaeusler K, Marthas M, Miller CJ. The relationship between simian immunodeficiency virus RNA levels and the mRNA levels of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-alpha/beta-inducible Mx in lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques during acute and chronic infection.. J Virol 2002 Aug;76(16):8433-45.
    pmc: PMC155165pubmed: 12134046doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.8433-8445.2002google scholar: lookup
  2. Alvarez I, Gutierrez G, Vissani A, Rodriguez S, Barrandeguy M, Trono K. Standardization and validation of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia using a recombinant p26 antigen.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Apr 15;121(3-4):344-51.
    pubmed: 17292568doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.007google scholar: lookup
  3. Baggiolini M. Chemokines and leukocyte traffic.. Nature 1998 Apr 9;392(6676):565-8.
    pubmed: 9560152doi: 10.1038/33340google scholar: lookup
  4. Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I. Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine.. FEBS Lett 1992 Jul 27;307(1):97-101.
    pubmed: 1639201doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80909-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Banas B, Wörnle M, Berger T, Nelson PJ, Cohen CD, Kretzler M, Pfirstinger J, Mack M, Lipp M, Gröne HJ, Schlöndorff D. Roles of SLC/CCL21 and CCR7 in human kidney for mesangial proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasis.. J Immunol 2002 May 1;168(9):4301-7.
    pubmed: 11970971doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4301google scholar: lookup
  6. Biancotto A, Grivel JC, Iglehart SJ, Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Sieg SF, Debernardo R, Garate K, Rodriguez B, Margolis LB, Lederman MM. Abnormal activation and cytokine spectra in lymph nodes of people chronically infected with HIV-1.. Blood 2007 May 15;109(10):4272-9.
    pmc: PMC1885500pubmed: 17289812doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-055764google scholar: lookup
  7. Bolfa P, Nolf M, Cadoré JL, Catoi C, Archer F, Dolmazon C, Mornex JF, Leroux C. Interstitial lung disease associated with Equine Infectious Anemia Virus infection in horses.. Vet Res 2013 Dec 1;44(1):113.
    pmc: PMC3879148pubmed: 24289102doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-113google scholar: lookup
  8. Cadoré JL, Steiner-Laurent S, Greenland T, Mornex JF, Loire R. Interstitial lung disease in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infected cats.. Res Vet Sci 1997 May-Jun;62(3):287-8.
    pubmed: 9300550doi: 10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90206-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  9. Cillóniz C, Shinya K, Peng X, Korth MJ, Proll SC, Aicher LD, Carter VS, Chang JH, Kobasa D, Feldmann F, Strong JE, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y, Katze MG. Lethal influenza virus infection in macaques is associated with early dysregulation of inflammatory related genes.. PLoS Pathog 2009 Oct;5(10):e1000604.
    pmc: PMC2745659pubmed: 19798428doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000604google scholar: lookup
  10. Cook RF, Cook SJ, Berger SL, Leroux C, Ghabrial NN, Gantz M, Bolin PS, Mousel MR, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Enhancement of equine infectious anemia virus virulence by identification and removal of suboptimal nucleotides.. Virology 2003 Sep 1;313(2):588-603.
    pubmed: 12954224doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00351-9google scholar: lookup
  11. Cook RF, Leroux C, Issel CJ. Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: a review.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):181-204.
    pubmed: 24183747doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.031google scholar: lookup
  12. Doffman SR, Miller RF. Interstitial lung disease in HIV.. Clin Chest Med 2013 Jun;34(2):293-306.
    pubmed: 23702178doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.01.012google scholar: lookup
  13. Flies DB, Sandler BJ, Sznol M, Chen L. Blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 pathway for cancer immunotherapy.. Yale J Biol Med 2011 Dec;84(4):409-21.
    pmc: PMC3238327pubmed: 22180678
  14. Guo Y, Hangoc G, Bian H, Pelus LM, Broxmeyer HE. SDF-1/CXCL12 enhances survival and chemotaxis of murine embryonic stem cells and production of primitive and definitive hematopoietic progenitor cells.. Stem Cells 2005 Oct;23(9):1324-32.
    pubmed: 16210409doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0085google scholar: lookup
  15. Harrold SM, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Tissue sites of persistent infection and active replication of equine infectious anemia virus during acute disease and asymptomatic infection in experimentally infected equids.. J Virol 2000 Apr;74(7):3112-21.
    pmc: PMC111810pubmed: 10708426doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3112-3121.2000google scholar: lookup
  16. Hu Z, Chang H, Ge M, Lin Y, Wang X, Guo W, Wang X. Development of antigen capture ELISA for the quantification of EIAV p26 protein.. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014 Nov;98(21):9073-81.
    pubmed: 25256618doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-6078-8google scholar: lookup
  17. Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, Yaghubian-Malhami R, Perkmann T, van Loo G, Ermolaeva M, Veldhuizen R, Leung YH, Wang H, Liu H, Sun Y, Pasparakis M, Kopf M, Mech C, Bavari S, Peiris JS, Slutsky AS, Akira S, Hultqvist M, Holmdahl R, Nicholls J, Jiang C, Binder CJ, Penninger JM. Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury.. Cell 2008 Apr 18;133(2):235-49.
    pmc: PMC7112336pubmed: 18423196doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.043google scholar: lookup
  18. ISAACS A, LINDENMANN J. Virus interference. I. The interferon.. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1957 Sep 12;147(927):258-67.
    pubmed: 13465720doi: 10.1098/rspb.1957.0048google scholar: lookup
  19. Issel CJ, Adams WV Jr, Meek L, Ochoa R. Transmission of equine infectious anemia virus from horses without clinical signs of disease.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Feb 1;180(3):272-5.
    pubmed: 6276353
  20. de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, Hien VM, Smith GJ, Chau TN, Hoang DM, Chau NV, Khanh TH, Dong VC, Qui PT, Cam BV, Ha do Q, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Chinh NT, Hien TT, Farrar J. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia.. Nat Med 2006 Oct;12(10):1203-7.
    pmc: PMC4333202pubmed: 16964257doi: 10.1038/nm1477google scholar: lookup
  21. Keir ME, Butte MJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity.. Annu Rev Immunol 2008;26:677-704.
    pubmed: 18173375doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331google scholar: lookup
  22. Kono Y, Hirasawa K, Fukunaga Y, Taniguchi T. Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1976 Spring;16(1):8-15.
    pubmed: 177894
  23. Kono Y, Kobayashi K, Fukunaga Y. Distribution of equine infectious anemia virus in horses infected with the virus.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1971 Spring;11(1):11-20.
    pubmed: 4325551
  24. Leroux C, Cadoré JL, Montelaro RC. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): what has HIV's country cousin got to tell us?. Vet Res 2004 Jul-Aug;35(4):485-512.
    pubmed: 15236678doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004020google scholar: lookup
  25. Lin YZ, Cao XZ, Li L, Li L, Jiang CG, Wang XF, Ma J, Zhou JH. The pathogenic and vaccine strains of equine infectious anemia virus differentially induce cytokine and chemokine expression and apoptosis in macrophages.. Virus Res 2011 Sep;160(1-2):274-82.
    pubmed: 21782860doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.028google scholar: lookup
  26. Liu Q, Wang XF, Ma J, He XJ, Wang XJ, Zhou JH. Characterization of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Integration in the Horse Genome.. Viruses 2015 Jun 19;7(6):3241-60.
    pmc: PMC4488736pubmed: 26102582doi: 10.3390/v7062769google scholar: lookup
  27. Ma J, Jiang C, Lin Y, Wang X, Zhao L, Xiang W, Shao Y, Shen R, Kong X, Zhou J. In vivo evolution of the gp90 gene and consistently low plasma viral load during transient immune suppression demonstrate the safety of an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine.. Arch Virol 2009;154(5):867-73.
    pubmed: 19363668doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0378-9google scholar: lookup
  28. Ma J, Wang SS, Lin YZ, Liu HF, Liu Q, Wei HM, Wang XF, Wang YH, Du C, Kong XG, Zhou JH, Wang X. Infection of equine monocyte-derived macrophages with an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) strain induces a strong resistance to the infection by a virulent EIAV strain.. Vet Res 2014 Aug 9;45(1):82.
    pmc: PMC4283155pubmed: 25106750doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0082-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  29. Mantovani A, Sica A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Vecchi A, Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization.. Trends Immunol 2004 Dec;25(12):677-86.
    pubmed: 15530839doi: 10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015google scholar: lookup
  30. Mantovani A, Sica A, Locati M. Macrophage polarization comes of age.. Immunity 2005 Oct;23(4):344-6.
    pubmed: 16226499doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.10.001google scholar: lookup
  31. Martins MA, Wilson NA, Reed JS, Ahn CD, Klimentidis YC, Allison DB, Watkins DI. T-cell correlates of vaccine efficacy after a heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus challenge.. J Virol 2010 May;84(9):4352-65.
    pmc: PMC2863752pubmed: 20164222doi: 10.1128/jvi.02365-09google scholar: lookup
  32. Maury W, Oaks JL, Bradley S. Equine endothelial cells support productive infection of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1998 Nov;72(11):9291-7.
    pmc: PMC110349pubmed: 9765477doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.9291-9297.1998google scholar: lookup
  33. McFadden G, Mohamed MR, Rahman MM, Bartee E. Cytokine determinants of viral tropism.. Nat Rev Immunol 2009 Sep;9(9):645-55.
    pmc: PMC4373421pubmed: 19696766doi: 10.1038/nri2623google scholar: lookup
  34. Mukura LR, Ghosh M, Fahey JV, Cu-Uvin S, Wira CR. Genital tract viral load in HIV Type 1-positive women correlates with specific cytokine levels in cervical-vaginal secretions but is not a determinant of infectious virus or anti-HIV activity.. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012 Nov;28(11):1533-9.
    pmc: PMC3484767pubmed: 22356616doi: 10.1089/aid.2011.0394google scholar: lookup
  35. Müller U, Steinhoff U, Reis LF, Hemmi S, Pavlovic J, Zinkernagel RM, Aguet M. Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense.. Science 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1918-21.
    pubmed: 8009221doi: 10.1126/science.8009221google scholar: lookup
  36. Neville LF, Mathiak G, Bagasra O. The immunobiology of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 kD (IP-10): a novel, pleiotropic member of the C-X-C chemokine superfamily.. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997 Sep;8(3):207-19.
    pubmed: 9462486doi: 10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00015-4google scholar: lookup
  37. Oaks JL, McGuire TC, Ulibarri C, Crawford TB. Equine infectious anemia virus is found in tissue macrophages during subclinical infection.. J Virol 1998 Sep;72(9):7263-9.
    pmc: PMC109949pubmed: 9696821doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7263-7269.1998google scholar: lookup
  38. Oaks JL, Ulibarri C, Crawford TB. Endothelial cell infection in vivo by equine infectious anaemia virus.. J Gen Virol 1999 Sep;80 ( Pt 9):2393-2397.
    pubmed: 10501492doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-9-2393google scholar: lookup
  39. Payne SL, La Celle K, Pei XF, Qi XM, Shao H, Steagall WK, Perry S, Fuller F. Long terminal repeat sequences of equine infectious anaemia virus are a major determinant of cell tropism.. J Gen Virol 1999 Mar;80 ( Pt 3):755-759.
    pubmed: 10092016doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-3-755google scholar: lookup
  40. Qin S, Fallert Junecko BA, Trichel AM, Tarwater PM, Murphey-Corb MA, Kirschner DE, Reinhart TA. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection alters chemokine networks in lung tissues of cynomolgus macaques: association with Pneumocystis carinii infection.. Am J Pathol 2010 Sep;177(3):1274-85.
    pmc: PMC2928961pubmed: 20671263doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091288google scholar: lookup
  41. Qin S, Junecko BA, Lucero CM, Klamar CR, Trichel AM, Murphey-Corb MA, Tarwater PM, Kirschner DE, Reinhart TA. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection potently modulates chemokine networks and immune environments in hilar lymph nodes of cynomolgus macaques.. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013 Aug 1;63(4):428-37.
    pmc: PMC3688692pubmed: 23429503doi: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31828ac85fgoogle scholar: lookup
  42. Qin S, Sui Y, Soloff AC, Junecko BA, Kirschner DE, Murphey-Corb MA, Watkins SC, Tarwater PM, Pease JE, Barratt-Boyes SM, Reinhart TA. Chemokine and cytokine mediated loss of regulatory T cells in lymph nodes during pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection.. J Immunol 2008 Apr 15;180(8):5530-6.
    pmc: PMC2567810pubmed: 18390737doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5530google scholar: lookup
  43. Qiuping Z, Jei X, Youxin J, Wei J, Chun L, Jin W, Qun W, Yan L, Chunsong H, Mingzhen Y, Qingping G, Kejian Z, Zhimin S, Qun L, Junyan L, Jinquan T. CC chemokine ligand 25 enhances resistance to apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from patients with T-cell lineage acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia by means of livin activation.. Cancer Res 2004 Oct 15;64(20):7579-87.
    pubmed: 15492285doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0641google scholar: lookup
  44. Roff SR, Noon-Song EN, Yamamoto JK. The Significance of Interferon-γ in HIV-1 Pathogenesis, Therapy, and Prophylaxis.. Front Immunol 2014 Jan 13;4:498.
    pmc: PMC3888948pubmed: 24454311doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00498google scholar: lookup
  45. Roberts ES, Burudi EM, Flynn C, Madden LJ, Roinick KL, Watry DD, Zandonatti MA, Taffe MA, Fox HS. Acute SIV infection of the brain leads to upregulation of IL6 and interferon-regulated genes: expression patterns throughout disease progression and impact on neuroAIDS.. J Neuroimmunol 2004 Dec;157(1-2):81-92.
    pubmed: 15579284doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.030google scholar: lookup
  46. Rollins BJ. Chemokines.. Blood 1997 Aug 1;90(3):909-28.
    pubmed: 9242519
  47. Sasseville VG, Smith MM, Mackay CR, Pauley DR, Mansfield KG, Ringler DJ, Lackner AA. Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis.. Am J Pathol 1996 Nov;149(5):1459-67.
    pmc: PMC1865261pubmed: 8909235
  48. Schaefer TM, Fuller CL, Basu S, Fallert BA, Poveda SL, Sanghavi SK, Choi YK, Kirschner DE, Feingold E, Reinhart TA. Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection.. Microbes Infect 2006 Jun;8(7):1839-50.
    pubmed: 16822691doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.02.022google scholar: lookup
  49. Scott VL, Boudreaux CE, Lockett NN, Clay BT, Coats KS. Cytokine dysregulation in early- and late-term placentas from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011 May;65(5):480-91.
    pmc: PMC3005979pubmed: 20825375doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00919.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  50. Sellon DC, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Wild-type equine infectious anemia virus replicates in vivo predominantly in tissue macrophages, not in peripheral blood monocytes.. J Virol 1992 Oct;66(10):5906-13.
    pmc: PMC241467pubmed: 1382143doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.10.5906-5913.1992google scholar: lookup
  51. Shen R, Wang Z. EIAV: a National Review of Policies, Programs, and Future Objectives. American Quarter Horse Association Amarillo: 1985; pp. 135–148.
  52. Shen RX. Development and use of an equine infectious anemia Donkey leucocyte attenuated vaccine. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Immunity to Equine Infectious anemia 1983:21–53.
  53. Shen RX, Wang ZY, Dong JP. Fetal donkey dermal cells adapted attenuated vaccine of equine infectious anemia virus and its culture method. 2001 (Chinese patent No.01123620).
  54. Sui Y, Li S, Pinson D, Adany I, Li Z, Villinger F, Narayan O, Buch S. Simian human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumonia correlates with increased expression of MCP-1, CXCL10, and viral RNA in the lungs of rhesus macaques.. Am J Pathol 2005 Feb;166(2):355-65.
    pmc: PMC1602335pubmed: 15681820doi: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62259-6google scholar: lookup
  55. Sun C, Zhang B, Jin J, Montelaro RC. Binding of equine infectious anemia virus to the equine lentivirus receptor-1 is mediated by complex discontinuous sequences in the viral envelope gp90 protein.. J Gen Virol 2008 Aug;89(Pt 8):2011-2019.
    pubmed: 18632973doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83646-0google scholar: lookup
  56. Trinchieri G. Type I interferon: friend or foe?. J Exp Med 2010 Sep 27;207(10):2053-63.
    pmc: PMC2947062pubmed: 20837696doi: 10.1084/jem.20101664google scholar: lookup
  57. Wang XF, Jiang CG, Guo W, Xiang W, Lv XL, Zhao LP, Wang FL, Kong XG, Zhang XY, Shao YM, Zhou JH. [Comparison of proviral genomes between the Chinese EIAV donkey leukocyte-attenuated vaccine and its parental virulent strain].. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008 Nov;24(6):443-50.
    pubmed: 19226953
  58. Wei HM, Wang XF, Wang SS, Du C, Liu HF, Liu Q, Zhou JH. [The application of single-genome amplification and sequencing in genomic analysis of an attenuated EIAV vaccine].. Bing Du Xue Bao 2012 Jun;28(4):431-8.
    pubmed: 22978170
  59. Whitney JB, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated HIV vaccines: pitfalls and prospects.. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004 Feb;17(1):17-26.
    pubmed: 15090885doi: 10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004google scholar: lookup
  60. Wong GG, Witek-Giannotti J, Hewick RM, Clark SC, Ogawa M. Interleukin 6: identification as a hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor.. Behring Inst Mitt 1988 Aug;(83):40-7.
    pubmed: 3266463
  61. Zhang B, Sun C, Jin S, Cascio M, Montelaro RC. Mapping of equine lentivirus receptor 1 residues critical for equine infectious anemia virus envelope binding.. J Virol 2008 Feb;82(3):1204-13.
    pmc: PMC2224449pubmed: 18032504doi: 10.1128/jvi.01393-07google scholar: lookup
  62. Zhang X, Wang Y, Liang H, Wei L, Xiang W, Shen R, Shao Y. Correlation between the induction of Th1 cytokines by an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus vaccine and protection against disease progression.. J Gen Virol 2007 Mar;88(Pt 3):998-1004.
    pubmed: 17325374doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82416-0google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Du C, Duan Y, Wang XF, Lin Y, Na L, Wang X, Chen K, Wang X. Attenuation of Equine Lentivirus Alters Mitochondrial Protein Expression Profile from Inflammation to Apoptosis.. J Virol 2019 Nov 1;93(21).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00653-19pubmed: 31391270google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.