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Equine veterinary journal2025; doi: 10.1111/evj.14469

Inflammation and response to bacterial infection as potential drivers of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: A proteomics insight.

Abstract: Equine dental diseases significantly impact a horse's overall health, performance and quality of life. They can result in secondary infections and digestive disturbances, potentially leading to colic. A recently described disease affecting the incisors of horses is equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH). Understanding EOTRH is crucial for early diagnosis, effective management and prevention of its severe consequences. Objective: To determine proteomic differences in incisor cementum in horses with and without clinical EOTRH. Methods: Comparative and observational clinical study. Methods: Teeth were extracted (N = 5) and cementum was isolated using a diamond wire. Proteins were extracted using an optimised sequential workflow, and trypsin was digested for mass spectrometry. Protein identification and label-free quantification were undertaken. Results: In total 1149 unique proteins were detected in cementum across all samples. We identified four proteins exclusively in EOTRH-affected cementum. EOTRH samples showed a higher heterogeneity than healthy samples. In total, 54 proteins were increased in EOTRH, and 64 proteins were reduced (adjusted p-value <0.05). Inflammatory proteins, such as cathepsin G (p = 0.004), neutrophil elastase (p = 0.003), bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (p = 0.002), azurocidin (p = 0.003) and lactotransferrin (p = 0.002) were all increased in EOTRH. Pathway analysis revealed that antimicrobial peptides (Z score 2.65, p = 1.93E-09) and neutrophil degranulation (Z-score 1.89, p = 1.7E-04) were commonly up-regulated canonical pathways. Conclusions: The sample size was limited. Lack of age-matched healthy controls. Conclusions: EOTRH leads to biochemical changes within the cementum proteome, which are important in explaining the physiological changes occurring in disease. Differentially abundant proteins may represent promising biomarkers for earlier disease detection and the establishment of a cell-based model could provide further insight into the role these proteins play in hypercementosis and resorption.
© 2025 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2025-01-08 PubMed ID: 39777419DOI: 10.1111/evj.14469Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This study aims to identify the proteins involved in a dental disease in horses known as Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) using proteomic analysis methods. Discovering these proteins could facilitate early detection and provide new areas for treatment and prevention efforts.

Objective and Methods

The research conducted a comparative and observational clinical study to identify proteomic differences in the cementum of horses with and without clinical EOTRH. The methods involved extracting teeth from a limited number of subjects (N = 5), isolating cementum using a diamond wire, and extracting proteins using an optimized sequential workflow. For protein identification and quantification, trypsin digestion and mass spectrometry were utilized.

  • The study aimed to understand the biochemical changes in the cementum proteome related to EOTRH.
  • The methods used for extracting and analyzing proteins aimed to provide detailed and accurate information about present proteins.

Results

The study identified 1149 unique proteins in the cementum, including four species exclusive to EOTRH-affected cementum. Notably, EOTRH samples exhibited more heterogeneity than healthy ones.

  • 54 proteins were increased in EOTRH, and 64 proteins were reduced.
  • Inflammatory proteins, like cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein, azurocidin, and lactotransferrin, increased with EOTRH.
  • Antimicrobial peptides and neutrophil degranulation was generally up-regulated pathways.

Conclusions

Notwithstanding the limitation of sample size and the lack of age-matched healthy controls, the team identified biochemical changes within the cementum proteome in EOTRH disease. The differentially abundant proteins discovered may serve as promising biomarkers for the early detection of the disease, and their roles in hypercementosis and resorption could be further explored using a cell-based model.

  • The research indicated that EOTRH results in significant changes in the cementum’s protein content.
  • The proteins exclusively found in EOTRH-affected cementum and those showing increased presence may be potential targets for future therapeutic interventions.
  • More research with a larger sample size and appropriate controls is needed to validate these findings.

Cite This Article

APA
Jensen A, Clarke EJ, Nugent Z, Paice E, Gringel I, Yamamoto K, Rocchigiani G, Peffers AJ, Cooper L, Peffers MJ. (2025). Inflammation and response to bacterial infection as potential drivers of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: A proteomics insight. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14469

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Jensen, Anders
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.
Clarke, Emily J
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.
Nugent, Zoe
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.
Paice, Emily
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.
Gringel, Iris
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.
Yamamoto, Kazuhiro
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.
Rocchigiani, Guido
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.
Peffers, Andrew J
  • North Wales Equine Dental Practice, Bryn Common, Ffrith, UK.
Cooper, Lee
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Liverpool, UK.
Peffers, Mandy J
  • University of Liverpool, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK.

Grant Funding

  • Dunhill Medical Trust
  • G2029 / Horse Trust

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