Intravenous anaesthesia using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin for laparotomy in pregnant pony mares.
Abstract: Objective To characterize intravenous anaesthesia with detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin in pregnant ponies. Animals Twelve pony mares, at 260-320 days gestation undergoing abdominal surgery to implant fetal and maternal vascular catheters. Materials and methods Pre-anaesthetic medication with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (30 µg kg), butorphanol (20 µg kg) and detomidine (10 µg kg) preceded induction of anaesthesia with detomidine (10 µg kg) and ketamine (2 mg kg) IV Maternal arterial blood pressure was measured directly throughout anaesthesia and arterial blood samples were taken at 20-minute intervals for measurement of blood gases and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate. Anaesthesia was maintained with an IV infusion of detomidine (0.04 mg mL), ketamine (4 mg mL) and guaiphenesin (100 mg mL) (DKG) for 140 minutes. Oxygen was supplied by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) adjusted to maintain PaCO between 5.0 and 6.0 kPa (38 and 45 mm Hg), while PaO was kept close to 20.0 kPa (150 mm Hg) by adding nitrous oxide. Simultaneous fetal and maternal blood samples were withdrawn at 90 minutes. Recovery quality was assessed. Results DKG was infused at 0.67 ± 0.17 mL kg hour for 1 hour then reduced, reaching 0.28 ± 0.14 mL kg hour at 140 minutes. Arterial blood gas values and pH remained within intended limits. During anaesthesia there was no change in heart rate, but arterial blood pressure decreased by 10%. Plasma glucose and lactate increased (10-fold and 2-fold, respectively) and cortisol decreased by 50% during anaesthesia. Fetal umbilical venous pH, PO and PCO were 7.34 ± 0.06, 5.8 ± 0.9 kPa (44 ± 7 mm Hg) and 6.7 ± 0.8 kPa (50 ± 6 mm Hg); and fetal arterial pH, PO and PCO were 7.29 ± 0.06, 4.0 ± 0.7 kPa (30 ± 5 mm Hg) and 7.8 ± 1.7 kPa (59 ± 13 mm Hg), respectively. Surgical conditions were good but four ponies required a single additional dose of ketamine. Ponies took 60 ± 28 minutes to stand and recovery was good. Conclusions and clinical relevance Anaesthesia produced with DKG was smooth while cardiovascular function in mare and fetus was well preserved. This indicates that DKG infusion is suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia in pregnant equidae.
Copyright © 2001 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2016-11-15 PubMed ID: 28404441DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00046.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of intravenous anaesthesia in pregnant pony mares, using a combination of detomidine, ketamine, and guaiphenesin. The findings indicate that this mixture effectively maintained anaesthesia while preserving cardiovascular function in both the mother and fetus, making it suitable for use in pregnant equines.
Study Design and Methodology
- The study involved twelve pregnant pony mares that were between 260-320 days into gestation. They underwent abdominal surgery to implant vascular catheters in both the fetus and the mother.
- Prior to the procedure, the mares were given pre-anesthetic medication consisting of intravenous acepromazine, butorphanol, and detomidine, followed by detomidine and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia.
- The mares’ arterial blood pressure was regularly monitored, and arterial blood samples were taken every twenty minutes to measure the values of blood gases and the plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and lactate.
- Anaesthesia was maintained with a continuous intravenous infusion of detomidine, ketamine, and guaiphenesin (DKG) for a total of 140 minutes. Oxygen was delivered through intermittent positive pressure ventilation, adjusted to maintain the necessary levels of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen in the blood.
- Fetal and maternal blood samples were simultaneously extracted at the 90-minute mark, and the quality of recovery was assessed upon completion of the procedure.
Results of the Study
- The study revealed that the infusion of DKG was initially high but was gradually reduced over time, reaching its lowest point at 140 minutes.
- The arterial blood gas values and pH remained within the intended range, and there was no significant change in heart rate, although arterial blood pressure decreased by around 10%.
- Plasma glucose and lactate levels spiked (ten times and twice their normal levels, respectively), whereas cortisol levels decreased to half during the process of anaesthesia.
- The study found that the fetal umbilical venous and arterial pH, PO and PCO were at acceptable levels, suggesting that cardiovascular function in the fetus was well-preserved.
- The surgical conditions were satisfactory. However, four mares needed an extra dose of ketamine during the surgery. All the mares took approximately 60 minutes to stand following the procedure, and the recovery was considered good.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
- The study concluded that the infusion of DKG result in a smooth anaesthesia, while also protecting the cardiovascular function in both the mare and fetus.
- This suggests that using a DKG infusion could be a suitable method for maintaining anaesthesia in pregnant equids, such as ponies and horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Taylor PM, Luna SP, White KL, Bloomfield M, Fowden AL.
(2016).
Intravenous anaesthesia using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin for laparotomy in pregnant pony mares.
Vet Anaesth Analg, 28(3), 119-125.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00046.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- FMVZ, Unesp, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- University of Cambridge, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
- University of Cambridge, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 14;11(6).
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