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The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne1995; 36(10); 613-618;

[Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations].

Abstract: Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: Comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylaxine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations. Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized twice at random with following intravenous combinations: 1.1 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of xylazine followed by 2.2 mg/kg BW of ketamine (X-K) and 1.1 mg/kg BW of xylazine followed by 1.65 mg/kg BW of tiletamine-zolazepam (X-TZ). The modifications of some cardiorespiratory parameters and the duration of anesthesia were evaluated and compared for the 2 protocols used. Few significant differences were observed between the 2 protocols in regard to the cardiorespiratory parameters measured. The respiratory rate was lower (7 breaths per minute) and the heart rate was higher (34 beats per minute) with the X-TZ combination. The duration of anesthesia with this technique was 33 +/- 3 minutes (X +/- Sx) and longer than with X-K (18 +/- minutes (X +/- Sx)). Superficial analgesia lasted 14,5 +/- 3 minutes with the X-K combination and 31,7 +/- 3,2 minutes for the X-TZ combination. The 2 protocols are associated with a reduction of PaO2. Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: Comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylaxine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations. Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized twice at random with following intravenous combinations: 1.1 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of xylazine followed by 2.2 mg/kg BW of ketamine (X-K) and 1.1 mg/kg BW of xylazine followed by 1.65 mg/kg BW of tiletamine-zolazepam (X-TZ). The modifications of some cardiorespiratory parameters and the duration of anesthesia were evaluated and compared for the 2 protocols used. Few significant differences were observed between the 2 protocols in regard to the cardiorespiratory parameters measured. The respiratory rate was lower (7 breaths per minute) and the heart rate was higher (34 beats per minute) with the X-TZ combination. The duration of anesthesia with this technique was 33 +/- 3 minutes (X +/- Sx) and longer than with X-K (18 +/- minutes (X +/- Sx)). Superficial analgesia lasted 14,5 +/- 3 minutes with the X-K combination and 31,7 +/- 3,2 minutes for the X-TZ combination. The 2 protocols are associated with a reduction of PaO2.
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Publication Date: 1995-10-01 PubMed ID: 8640633PubMed Central: PMC1687122
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  • English Abstract
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study compares the effects of two intravenous anaesthesia combinations, xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam, on horses. The research showed a few significant differences in cardiorespiratory parameters and highlighted that the xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam combination resulted in a longer duration of anaesthesia and prolonged superficial analgesia compared to xylazine-ketamine.

Methods

  • Six healthy adult horses were included in the study and anesthetized using two different combinations of drugs: xylazine-ketamine (X-K) and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam (X-TZ).
  • For the X-K combination, the horses were administered 1.1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of xylazine followed by 2.2 mg/kg BW of ketamine.
  • For the X-TZ combination, the horses were administered 1.1 mg/kg BW of xylazine followed by 1.65 mg/kg BW of tiletamine-zolazepam.
  • The two different anaesthesia protocols were administered to the horses randomly.

Measurements and Outcomes

  • The cardiorespiratory parameters which included respiratory rate and heart rate were measured and compared between the two protocols.
  • The duration of anesthesia was recorded for each protocol. For the X-K protocol, it was found to be 18 minutes while for X-TZ, it was observed to be 33 minutes on average.
  • Superficial analgesia, which is the loss of pain sensation in superficial areas of the body like skin, was also evaluated in both protocols. The X-K protocol provided superficial analgesia for around 14.5 minutes while the X-TZ protocol led to analgesia that lasted roughly 31.7 minutes.

Summary of Findings

  • There were minimal significant differences between the respiratory and heart rates in both protocols. However, the respiratory rate was observed to be lower, and the heart rate was slightly higher with the X-TZ combination.
  • The duration of anesthesia and superficial analgesia was longer with the X-TZ protocol compared to the X-K protocol.
  • Both protocols exhibited a reduction in PaO2, which represents the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood – an important indicator of an individual’s respiratory efficiency.

Conclusion

  • The study concluded that the X-TZ combination results in a longer duration of both anesthesia and superficial analgesia in horses.
  • Despite some minor variations in cardiorespiratory parameters, both protocols are generally effective and safe for intravenous anaesthesia in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Cuvelliez S, Rosseel G, Blais D, Salmon Y, Troncy E, Larivière N. (1995). [Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations]. Can Vet J, 36(10), 613-618.

Publication

The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne
ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: fre
Volume: 36
Issue: 10
Pages: 613-618

Researcher Affiliations

Cuvelliez, S
  • Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
Rosseel, G
    Blais, D
      Salmon, Y
        Troncy, E
          Larivière, N

            MeSH Terms

            • Anesthesia, Intravenous / veterinary
            • Anesthetics, Dissociative
            • Anesthetics, Intravenous
            • Animals
            • Drug Combinations
            • Heart Rate / drug effects
            • Horses / physiology
            • Hypnotics and Sedatives
            • Ketamine
            • Male
            • Oxygen / blood
            • Respiration / drug effects
            • Tiletamine
            • Xylazine
            • Zolazepam

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            This article includes 17 references
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            Citations

            This article has been cited 2 times.
            1. Guellim S, Hamada HB, Bouji N, Kalboussi N, Mahdhi N, Naija W, Kahloul M. Midazolam-Ketamine (MK) Versus Propofol-Ketamine (PK) for Pediatric Burn Patients Undergoing Dressing Changes: A Non-Randomized Cross-Over Clinical Trial. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2025 Sep;38(3):256-268.
              pubmed: 41479626
            2. Lambertini C, Boanini E, Casalini I, Spaccini F, Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N. Comparison of Ketamine/Diazepam and Tiletamine/Zolazepam Combinations for Anaesthesia Induction in Horses Undergoing Partial Intravenous Anaesthesia (PIVA): A Retrospective Clinical Study. Vet Sci 2024 Nov 30;11(12).
              doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120612pubmed: 39728952google scholar: lookup
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