FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Rep / Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell...
Scientific reports2023; 13(1); 21778; doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49032-1

Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of horses housed on two different bedding materials.

Abstract: The lipidome of equine BALF cells has not been described. The objectives of this prospective repeated-measures study were to explore the BALF cells' lipidome in horses and to identify lipids associated with progression or resolution of airway inflammation. BALF cells from 22 horses exposed to two bedding materials (Peat 1-Wood shavings [WS]-Peat 2) were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of bedding on lipid class and species compositions were tested with rmANOVA. Correlations between lipids and cell counts were examined. The BALF cells' lipidome showed bedding-related differences for molar percentage (mol%) of 60 species. Whole phosphatidylcholine (PC) class and its species PC 32:0 (main molecular species 16:0_16:0) had higher mol% after Peat 2 compared with WS. Phosphatidylinositol 38:4 (main molecular species 18:0_20:4) was higher after WS compared with both peat periods. BALF cell count correlated positively with mol% of the lipid classes phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, hexosylceramide, and triacylglycerol but negatively with PC. BALF cell count correlated positively with phosphatidylinositol 38:4 mol%. In conclusion, equine BALF cells' lipid profiles explored with MS-based lipidomics indicated subclinical inflammatory changes after WS. Inflammatory reactions in the cellular lipid species composition were detected although cytological responses indicating inflammation were weak.
© 2023. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-12-08 PubMed ID: 38066223PubMed Central: PMC10709413DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49032-1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research focuses on the impact of different types of bedding materials, namely Peat and Wood Shavings (WS), on the lipid profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells in horses. They sought to identify any lipids associated with the progression or resolution of airway inflammation, aiming to determine the potential of these lipid profiles in the detection of subclinical inflammation in horses.

Assessment of Lipid Profiles

  • The researchers used a sophisticated technique called liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to study the lipidome (the complete set of lipids in a cell) of BALF cells in 22 horses. This is the first time such study has been conducted on equine BALF cells.
  • The horses were subjected to two different types of bedding materials – Peat and Wood Shavings (WS). The exposure to these materials was structured as Peat 1 – WS – Peat 2. This design was likely to test the effect of transitioning between bedding materials and any resulting variability in the lipidome.

Effects of Bedding on Lipid Composition

  • It was observed that bedding-related differences were apparent for the molar percentage of 60 species of lipids in the BALF cells.
  • The entire phosphatidylcholine class and one of its species (PC 32:0) demonstrated a higher molar percentage after horses were bedded on Peat 2, compared to WS. In contrast, phosphatidylinositol 38:4 was higher when the horses were bedded on WS.

Correlation of Lipid Composition with Cell Counts

  • The cell count in the BALF showed a positive correlation with the molar percentage of certain lipid classes such as phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, hexosylceramide, and triacylglycerol. However, there was a negative correlation with phosphatidylcholine.
  • Additionally, the cell count was found to correlate positively with phosphatidylinositol 38:4.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The research findings indicate that the lipid profiles of equine BALF cells might signify subclinical inflammatory changes after bedding on Wood Shavings.
  • This hints at the potential of lipid profiles as indicators of inflammation, even when traditional cellular responses seem weak or subtle. Hence, the methodology provides an avenue for detecting early-stage inflammation or pathology that may not be evident through traditional cytological responses.

Cite This Article

APA
Mönki J, Holopainen M, Ruhanen H, Karikoski N, Käkelä R, Mykkänen A. (2023). Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of horses housed on two different bedding materials. Sci Rep, 13(1), 21778. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49032-1

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 21778
PII: 21778

Researcher Affiliations

Mönki, Jenni
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. jenni.monki@helsinki.fi.
Holopainen, Minna
  • Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Ruhanen, Hanna
  • Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Karikoski, Ninja
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Käkelä, Reijo
  • Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Mykkänen, Anna
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

This article includes 77 references
  1. Holcombe SJ. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses.. Equine Vet. J. 2001;33(3):244–249.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249606pubmed: 11352345google scholar: lookup
  2. Pirie R. Recurrent airway obstruction: A review.. Equine Vet. J. 2014;46(3):276–288.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12204pubmed: 24164473google scholar: lookup
  3. Bond S. Equine asthma: Integrative biologic relevance of a recently proposed nomenclature.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2018;32(6):2088–2098.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15302pmc: PMC6271326pubmed: 30294851google scholar: lookup
  4. Ivester K, Couëtil L, Zimmerman N. Investigating the link between particulate exposure and airway inflammation in the horse.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2014;28(6):1653–1665.
    doi: 10.1111/jvimpmc: PMC4895611pubmed: 25273818google scholar: lookup
  5. Couëtil L. Equine asthma: Current understanding and future directions.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020;30(7):450.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450pmc: PMC7438831pubmed: 32903600google scholar: lookup
  6. Hoffman A. Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation.. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Equine Pract. 2008;24(2):423–435.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.04.003pubmed: 18652963google scholar: lookup
  7. Dixon C, Bedenice D, Mazan M. Comparison of flowmetric plethysmography and forced oscillatory mechanics to measure airway hyperresponsiveness in horses.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;7:511023.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.511023pmc: PMC7937713pubmed: 33693040google scholar: lookup
  8. Riihimäki M. Inflammatory Response in Equine Airways.. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 2008).
  9. Secombe C, Lester G, Robertson I, Cullimore A. Retrospective survey of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in Western Australian horses presented for evaluation of the respiratory tract: Effect of season on relative cell percentages.. Aust. Vet. J. 2015;93:152–156.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12315pubmed: 25939261google scholar: lookup
  10. Davis K, Sheats M. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology characteristics and seasonal changes in a herd of pastured teaching horses.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019;6:74.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00074pmc: PMC6426765pubmed: 30923711google scholar: lookup
  11. Depecker M. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: Influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis.. Vet. J. 2014;199(1):150–156.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013pubmed: 24225534google scholar: lookup
  12. Hue E. Asymmetrical pulmonary cytokine profiles are linked to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology of horses with mild airway neutrophilia.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020;7:226.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00226pmc: PMC7193537pubmed: 32391392google scholar: lookup
  13. Jean D, Vrins A, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP. Evaluation of variations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2011;72:838–842.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.838pubmed: 21627532google scholar: lookup
  14. Orard M. Influence of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on cytological profiles and subsequent diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease in horses.. Vet. J. 2016;207:193–195.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.027pubmed: 27152385google scholar: lookup
  15. Davis MS. Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2007;68(2):185–189.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.2.185pubmed: 17269885google scholar: lookup
  16. Allano M. Influence of short distance transportation on tracheal bacterial content and lower airway cytology in horses.. Vet. J. 2016;214:47–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.009pubmed: 27387726google scholar: lookup
  17. Mainguy-Seers S, Diaw M, Lavoie JP. Lung function variation during the estrus cycle of mares affected by severe asthma.. Animals 2022;12(4):494.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12040494pmc: PMC8868231pubmed: 35203202google scholar: lookup
  18. Couëtil L. Inflammatory airway disease of horses—Revised consensus statement.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016;30(2):503–515.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374google scholar: lookup
  19. Cullimore A, Secombe C, Lester G, Robertson ID. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper-reactivity in clinically normal horses.. Aust. Vet. J. 2018;96(8):291–296.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12721pubmed: 30129032google scholar: lookup
  20. Allen K, Tennant K, Franklin S. Effect of inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells in equine respiratory cytology analysis.. Vet. J. 2019;254:105405.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105405pubmed: 31836172google scholar: lookup
  21. Bright L. Modeling the pasture-associated severe equine asthma bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteome identifies molecular events mediating neutrophilic airway inflammation.. Vet. Med. (Auckl.) 2019;10(43):43–63.
    doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S194427pmc: PMC6504673pubmed: 31119093google scholar: lookup
  22. Albornoz A. Metabolomics analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples in horses with naturally-occurring asthma and experimentally-induced airway inflammation.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2020;133:276–282.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.033pubmed: 33039879google scholar: lookup
  23. Bazzano M. Respiratory metabolites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can differentiate horses affected by severe equine asthma from healthy horses.. BMC Vet. Res. 2020;16(1):1–9.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02446-9pmc: PMC7346432pubmed: 32641035google scholar: lookup
  24. de Grauw J, van de Lest C, van Weeren P. A targeted lipidomics approach to the study of eicosanoid release in synovial joints.. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2011;13(4):1–12.
    doi: 10.1186/ar3427pmc: PMC3239362pubmed: 21794148google scholar: lookup
  25. Elzinga S, Wood P, Adams A. Plasma lipidomic and inflammatory cytokine profiles of horses with equine metabolic syndrome.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;40:49–55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.013google scholar: lookup
  26. Wood P, Scoggin K, Ball B, Troedsson M, Squires E. Lipidomics of equine sperm and seminal plasma: Identification of amphiphilic (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy-fatty acids.. Theriogenology 2016;86(5):1212–1221.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.012pubmed: 27180330google scholar: lookup
  27. Wood P, Scoggin K, Ball B, Troedsson M, Squires E. Lipidomics of equine amniotic fluid: Identification of amphiphilic (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy-fatty acids.. Theriogenology 2018;105:120–125.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.012pubmed: 28950169google scholar: lookup
  28. Wood P. Lipidomic analysis of immune activation in equine leptospirosis and Leptospira-vaccinated horses.. PLoS One 2018;13(2):e0193424.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193424pmc: PMC5825116pubmed: 29474474google scholar: lookup
  29. Coleman M. Comparison of the microbiome, metabolome, and lipidome of obese and non-obese horses.. PLoS One 2019;14(4):e0215918.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215918pmc: PMC6478336pubmed: 31013335google scholar: lookup
  30. Nolazco Sassot L, Villarino N, Dasgupta N, Cohen N. The lipidome of Thoroughbred racehorses before and after supramaximal exercise.. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51(5):696–700.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215918pubmed: 30600546google scholar: lookup
  31. Christmann U, Hite R, Witonsky S, Buechner-Maxwell V, Wood P. Evaluation of lipid markers in surfactant obtained from asthmatic horses exposed to hay.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2019;80(3):300–305.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.80.3.300pubmed: 30801214google scholar: lookup
  32. Christmann U. Lipidomic analysis of surfactant and plasma from horses with asthma and age-matched healthy horses.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2022.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.21.11.0179pubmed: 35895773google scholar: lookup
  33. Anderson J. Science-in-brief: Proteomics and metabolomics in equine veterinary science.. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54(2):449–452.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13550pubmed: 35133023google scholar: lookup
  34. Sanclemente J. Plasma lipidome of healthy and Rhodococcus equi-infected foals over time.. Equine Vet. J. 2022;54:121–131.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13422pubmed: 33445210google scholar: lookup
  35. Harayama T, Riezman H. Organism lipid diversity: Understanding the diversity of membrane lipid composition.. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2018;19:281–296.
    doi: 10.1038/nrm.2017.138pubmed: 29410529google scholar: lookup
  36. Cockcroft S. Mammalian lipids: Structure, synthesis and function.. Essays Biochem. 2021;65(5):813–845.
    doi: 10.1042/EBC20200067pmc: PMC8578989pubmed: 34415021google scholar: lookup
  37. Dyall S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipid mediators: Recent advances in the understanding of their biosynthesis, structures, and functions.. Prog. Lipid Res. 2022;86:101165.
    doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101165pmc: PMC9346631pubmed: 35508275google scholar: lookup
  38. Zehethofer N. Lipid analysis of airway epithelial cells for studying respiratory diseases.. Chromatographia 2015;78(5):403–413.
    doi: 10.1007/s10337-014-2787-5pmc: PMC4346681pubmed: 25750457google scholar: lookup
  39. Ghidoni R, Caretti A, Signorelli P. Role of sphingolipids in the pathobiology of lung inflammation.. Mediat. Inflamm. 2015.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/487508pmc: PMC4681829pubmed: 26770018google scholar: lookup
  40. Sim S, Choi Y, Park HS. Potential metabolic biomarkers in adult asthmatics.. Metabolites 2021;11(7):430.
    doi: 10.3390/metabo11070430pmc: PMC8306564pubmed: 34209139google scholar: lookup
  41. Seidl E. Lavage lipidomics signatures in children with cystic fibrosis and protracted bacterial bronchitis.. J. Cyst. Fibros. 2019;18(6):790–795.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.04.012pubmed: 31029606google scholar: lookup
  42. To K. Lipid metabolites as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for acute community acquired pneumonia.. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2016;85:249–254.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.03.012pmc: PMC7173326pubmed: 27105773google scholar: lookup
  43. Kirkwood K. Development and application of multidimensional lipid libraries to investigate lipidomic dysregulation related to smoke inhalation injury severity.. J. Proteome Res. 2021;21(1):232–242.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00820pmc: PMC8741653pubmed: 34874736google scholar: lookup
  44. Schwartz B. Cutting edge: Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is defined by a shift in the serum lipidome, resulting in dysregulation of eicosanoid immune mediators.. J. Immunol. 2021;206:329–334.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001025pmc: PMC7962598pubmed: 33277388google scholar: lookup
  45. Mönki J. Effects of bedding material on equine lower airway inflammation: A crossover study comparing peat and wood shavings.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:289.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.656814pmc: PMC8062776pubmed: 33898547google scholar: lookup
  46. Folch J, Lees M, Stanley G. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues.. J. Biol. Chem. 1957;226(1):497–509.
    doi: 10.17504/protocols.io.bbu9inz6pubmed: 13428781google scholar: lookup
  47. Breitkopf S. A relative quantitative positive/negative ion switching method for untargeted lipidomics via high resolution LC-MS/MS from any biological source.. Metabolomics 2017;13(3):1–21.
    doi: 10.1007/s11306-016-1157-8pmc: PMC5421409pubmed: 28496395google scholar: lookup
  48. Haimi P, Uphoff A, Hermansson M, Somerharju P. Software tools for analysis of mass spectrometric lipidome data.. Anal. Chem. 2006;78(24):8324–8331.
    doi: 10.1021/ac061390wpubmed: 17165823google scholar: lookup
  49. Brandsma J, Postle A. Analysis of the regulation of surfactant phosphatidylcholine metabolism using stable isotopes.. Ann. Anat. 2017;211:176–183.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.02.008pubmed: 28351529google scholar: lookup
  50. Gil-de-Gómez L. Phospholipid arachidonic acid remodeling during phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages.. Biomedicines 2020;8:274.
    doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8080274pmc: PMC7459916pubmed: 32764331google scholar: lookup
  51. van Iwaarden JF, Claassen E, Jeurissen SH, Haagsman HP, Kraal G. Alveolar macrophages, surfactant lipids, and surfactant protein B regulate the induction of immune responses via the airways.. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2001;24(4):452–458.
    doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.4.4239pubmed: 11306439google scholar: lookup
  52. van den Berg RA, Hoefsloot HC, Westerhuis JA, Smilde AK, van der Werf MJ. Centering, scaling, and transformations: Improving the biological information content of metabolomics data.. BMC Genom. 2006;7(1):142.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-142pmc: PMC1534033pubmed: 16762068google scholar: lookup
  53. Jiang T. Lipid metabolism and identification of biomarkers in asthma by lipidomic analysis.. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids. 2021;18(2):158853.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158853pubmed: 33160078google scholar: lookup
  54. Hough K. Unique lipid signatures of extracellular vesicles from the airways of asthmatics.. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:10340.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28655-9pmc: PMC6037776pubmed: 29985427google scholar: lookup
  55. Kang Y. Novel approach for analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using HPLC-QTOF-MS-based lipidomics: Lipid levels in asthmatics and corticosteroid-treated asthmatic patients.. J. Proteome Res. 2014;13(9):3919–3929.
    doi: 10.1021/pr5002059pubmed: 25040188google scholar: lookup
  56. Berry K, Murphy R, Kosmide B, Mason R. Lipidomic characterization and localization of phospholipids in the human lung [S]. J. Lipid Res. 2017;58(5):926–933.
    doi: 10.1194/jlr.M074955pmc: PMC5408611pubmed: 28280112google scholar: lookup
  57. Brandsma J. Stratification of asthma by lipidomic profiling of induced sputum supernatant.. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2023;152(1):117–125.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.032pubmed: 36918039google scholar: lookup
  58. Treede I. Anti-inflammatory effects of phosphatidylcholine.. J. Biol. Chem. 2007;37:27155–27164.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M704408200pmc: PMC2693065pubmed: 17636253google scholar: lookup
  59. Agassandian M, Mallampalli R. Surfactant phospholipid metabolism.. BBB Adv. 2013;1831(3):612–625.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.010pmc: PMC3562414pubmed: 23026158google scholar: lookup
  60. Bernhard W. Phosphatidylcholine molecular species in lung surfactant: composition in relation to respiratory rate and lung development.. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2001;25(6):725–731.
    doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.6.4616pubmed: 11726398google scholar: lookup
  61. Hohlfeld JM. The role of surfactant in asthma.. Resp. Res. 2001;3(1):1–8.
    doi: 10.1186/rr176pmc: PMC64815pubmed: 11806839google scholar: lookup
  62. de Aguiar VTQ. ACG1 regulates pulmonary surfactant metabolism in mice and men.. J. Lipid Res. 2017;58(5):941–954.
    doi: 10.1194/jlr.M075101pmc: PMC5408613pubmed: 28264879google scholar: lookup
  63. Murphy RC, Folco G. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases and leukotriene biosynthesis: intersection of the Lands cycle and the arachidonate PI cycle.. J. Lipid Res. 2019;60(2):219–226.
    doi: 10.1194/jlr.S091371pmc: PMC6358305pubmed: 30606731google scholar: lookup
  64. Astudillo AM. Altered arachidonate distribution in macrophages from caveolin-1 null mice leading to reduced eicosanoid synthesis.. J. Biol. Chem. 2011;286(40):35299–35307.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.277137pmc: PMC3186424pubmed: 21852231google scholar: lookup
  65. Wenzel SE. The role of leukotrienes in asthma.. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2003;69(2–3):145–155.
    doi: 10.1016/s0952-3278(03)00075-9pubmed: 12895597google scholar: lookup
  66. Hallstrand TS, Henderson WR., Jr. An update on the role of leukotrienes in asthma.. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003;10(1):60–66.
    doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833489c3pmc: PMC2838730pubmed: 19915456google scholar: lookup
  67. Radmark O. Formation of eicosanoids and other oxylipins in human macrophages.. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2022;204:115210.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115210pubmed: 35973581google scholar: lookup
  68. Powell W. Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma.. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 2021;135(16):1945–1980.
    doi: 10.1042/CS20190657pubmed: 34401905google scholar: lookup
  69. Horbay R. Ceramides and lysosomes in extracellular vesicle biogenesis, cargo sorting and release.. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(23):15317.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms232315317pmc: PMC9735581pubmed: 36499644google scholar: lookup
  70. Masini E. Ceramide: A key signaling molecule in a Guinea pig model of allergic asthmatic response and airway inflammation.. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008;324(2):548–557.
    doi: 10.1124/jpet.107.131565pubmed: 18042827google scholar: lookup
  71. Moore BR, Krakowka S, Robertson JT, Cummins JM. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1995;56(5):562–567.
    pubmed: 7661448
  72. Jackson CA, Berney C, Jefcoat AM, Robinson NE. Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine Vet. J. 2000;32(5):432–438.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400777591165pubmed: 11037266google scholar: lookup
  73. Bessonnat A, Hélie P, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Airway remodeling in horses with mild and moderate asthma.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2022;36(1):285–291.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16333pmc: PMC8783337pubmed: 34877706google scholar: lookup
  74. Bullone M, Lavoie JP. Asthma “of horses and men”—How can equine heaves help us better understand human asthma immunopathology and its functional consequences?. Mol. Immunol. 2015;66(1):97–105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.005pubmed: 25547716google scholar: lookup
  75. Sheats M, Davis K, Poole J. Comparative review of asthma in farmers and horses.. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019;19(11):1–9.
    doi: 10.1007/s11882-019-0882-2pmc: PMC9116535pubmed: 31599358google scholar: lookup
  76. Ivanova O, Richards L, Vijverberg S. What did we learn from multiple omics studies in asthma?. Allergy 2019;74(11):2129–2145.
    doi: 10.1111/all.13833pubmed: 31004501google scholar: lookup
  77. Tremblay GM. Effect of stabling on bronchoalveolar cells obtained from normal and COPD horses.. Equine Vet. J. 1993;25:194–197.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02941.xpubmed: 8508745google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,105 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.