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Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether the lung side being sampled would significantly influence bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytological profiles and subsequent diagnosis in Standardbred racehorses. One hundred and thirty-eight French Trotters in active training and racing were included in a prospective observational study. BAL was performed using videoendoscopy in both right and left lungs during summer meetings in 2011 (64 horses) and 2012 (74 horses). Cytological data performed 24h later from right and left lungs were compared and specifically used to classify horses as affected with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), inflammatory airway disease (IAD), or were 'controls'. For IAD, cytological definition was based on two different cut off values. Neutrophil percentages, haemosiderophage percentages and the haemosiderophage/macrophage (H/M) ratios were significantly higher in the right compared to the left lung. Measures of intra-class correlation coefficients revealed a fair agreement between left and right lungs for percentages of mast cells, eosinophils, and for the H/M ratio, and a moderate agreement for neutrophil percentages. Fair to moderate agreements were observed between left and right lungs for the diagnosis of IAD and/or EIPH based on kappa coefficients. When sampling one lung only, the risk of incorrectly classifying a horse as a 'control' increased with the use of the restraint cut-off values for IAD. As BAL from one lung is not representative of the other lung in the same horse, both lungs should be sampled for a better assessment of lung cellularity and for a precise diagnosis of lower airway diseases.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2013-10-17 PubMed ID: 24225534DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- Clinical Pathology
- Cytology
- Diagnosis
- Disease Diagnosis
- Eosinophils
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhage
- Horse Racing
- Inflammatory Response
- Lung Health
- Macrophages
- Mast Cells
- Neutrophils
- Observational Study
- Respiratory Disease
- Standardbred Horses
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research study investigates the influence of unilateral versus bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampling on cytology profiles and resultant diagnoses of lower airway diseases in racehorses. The evidence suggests that fluid samples from one lung might not represent the other, calling into question the reliability of unilateral sampling for disease diagnosis.
Objective of the Study
- The main purpose of this research was to determine if selecting either the right or left lung for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampling would significantly affect the cytological profile, and subsequently the diagnoses of lower airway diseases in Standardbred racehorses.
Methodology
- The researchers included 138 French Trotter racehorses that were actively training and racing in an observational study.
- BAL was performed using video-endoscopy on each horse’s left and right lungs during summer meetings in 2011 (64 horses) and 2012 (74 horses).
- The cytological data from the right and left lungs were compared and used to classify the horses as having either exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), inflammatory airway disease (IAD), or as ‘controls’.
- The study also examined two different cut-off values for the cytological definition of IAD.
Key Findings
- Results indicated that neutrophil percentages, haemosiderophage percentages, and haemosiderophage/macrophage ratios were significantly higher on the right lung compared to the left lung.
- The measures of intra-class correlation revealed a fair agreement between left and right lungs regarding the percentages of mast cells and eosinophils, and the haemosiderophage/macrophage ratio. For neutrophil percentages, the agreement was moderate.
- The researchers observed fair to moderate agreements in the diagnosis of IAD and EIPH between left and right lungs based on kappa coefficients—a statistical measure that shows the correspondence between two ratings.
- The risk of erroneously categorizing a horse as a ‘control’ increased when only one lung was sampled, especially with the use of the restrictive cut-off values for IAD.
Conclusion
- The findings suggest that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from one lung may not accurately represent the other lung’s status in the same horse. Hence, for a more accurate assessment of lung cellularity and a precise diagnosis of lower airway diseases, both lungs should ideally be sampled.
Cite This Article
APA
Depecker M, Richard EA, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Leleu C, Couroucu00e9-Malblanc A.
(2013).
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis.
Vet J, 199(1), 150-156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- LUNAM Universitu00e9, ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vu00e9tu00e9rinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique, UPSP 5304 Laboratoire de Physiopathologie animale et de Pharmacologie fonctionnelle, Atlanpu00f4le - La Chantrerie, BP40706, F-44307 Nantes, France. Electronic address: marianne.depecker@oniris-nantes.fr.
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France.
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France.
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, SF 4206, ICORE, EA 4655 U2RM, 14032 Caen, France.
- EQUI-TEST, La Lande, 53 290 Grez en Bouu00e8re, France.
- LUNAM Universitu00e9, ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vu00e9tu00e9rinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique, UPSP 5304 Laboratoire de Physiopathologie animale et de Pharmacologie fonctionnelle, Atlanpu00f4le - La Chantrerie, BP40706, F-44307 Nantes, France.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Female
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horses
- Male
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Reference Values
- Respiratory Tract Diseases / diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Diseases / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 20 times.- Westermann CM, de Bie AG, Olave C, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Couetil LL. Effect of Lavage Solution Type on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 15;13(16).
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- Cullinane A, Garvey M, Walsh C, Gibbons J, Creighton A. A Scoping Review of Non-Structural Airway Disease as a Cause of Poor Performance in Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 27;13(3).
- Olave CJ, Ivester KM, Couetil LL, Burgess J, Park JH, Mukhopadhyay A. Effects of low-dust forages on dust exposure, airway cytology, and plasma omega-3 concentrations in Thoroughbred racehorses: A randomized clinical trial.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):338-348.
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