FREE SHIPPING over $40
Horse Supplements USA English
Horse Supplements Canada EnglishSuppléments Équins Canada French
My Account
View Cart My Horses Track Orders Account Details My Subscriptions Update Address Payment Methods
Register/Login
0
Home/Equine Research Bank/J Vet Intern Med/An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cy...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2018; 32(5); 1754-1762; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15226

An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds.

Abstract: Mild equine asthma is presumed to arise in response to environmental exposures but the relative impact of differing inflammatory phenotypes upon performance are largely unexplored. Objective: Airway inflammation negatively affects performance and cytological phenotype varies with environmental exposure. Methods: Thoroughbred racehorses in active training and racing. Methods: Thoroughbreds were recruited 24-48 hours before racing. Each horse was eligible for re-enrollment with each race entry. Within one hour of race completion, physical examination, respiratory endoscopy, and BAL were performed. Respirable and inhalable dust, respirable endotoxin, and respirable β-glucan exposures were measured at the breathing zone within one week after racing. Controlling for age, trainer, and pulmonary hemorrhage, the relationship between performance, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, and measures of exposure were modeled. Results: Performance and BALF data were collected on 64 individual horses from 8 stables for a total of 98 race performances and 79 dust exposure assessments. Evidence of mild equine asthma was found in 80% (78/98) of BALF samples from 52/64 horses. For each percent increase in BALF mast cell and neutrophil proportions, speed figures were reduced by 2.9 (P = .012) and 1.4 (P = .046) points, respectively. Respirable dust concentration was associated with BALF neutrophil proportions (P = .015). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid mast cell proportions were only associated with respirable β-glucan exposures (P = .030). Conclusions: Mild equine asthma is common in racing horses and negatively impacts performance. The data support that respirable, rather than inhalable, dust exposure measures are pertinent to equine airway health.
© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-09-17 PubMed ID: 30222207PubMed Central: PMC6189343DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15226Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedIn
  • Journal Article
  • Observational Study
  • Veterinary

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research aims to investigate the effect of environmental factors on the performance of racehorses and finds that mild equine asthma, due to such factors, can detrimentally affect their speed. Additionally, the paper suggests that air pollution, such as dust, worsens equine respiratory health.

Research Methodology

  • The research was an observational study conducted on Thoroughbred racehorses that were actively in training and racing.
  • The horses were enrolled in the study between 24-48 hours prior to their races, and were eligible for re-enrollment for each new race entry.
  • After the completion of each race, within one hour, the horses underwent physical examinations, respiratory endoscopies, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedures.
  • The research team also measured exposures to respirable and inhalable dust, respirable endotoxin, and respirable beta-glucan in the horses’ breathing zones within a week after each race.
  • The team controlled for variables like age, trainer, and pulmonary hemorrhage while modeling the relationship between the horse’s performance, BAL fluid (BALF) cytology, and exposure measures.

Research Findings

  • Data was collected from 64 individual horses from eight different stables, encompassing a total of 98 race performances and 79 dust exposure assessments.
  • Out of these, evidence of mild equine asthma was found in 80% of the BALF samples from 52 of the horses.
  • The study displayed that for each percent increase in BALF mast cell and neutrophil proportions, the horses’ speed was reduced by 2.9 and 1.4 points respectively.
  • A significant association was found between respirable dust concentration and BALF neutrophil proportions, suggesting higher dust exposure led to increased inflammation.
  • BALF mast cell proportions were notably associated only with exposure to respirable beta-glucan.

Conclusions

  • The research concluded that mild equine asthma is common in racing horses and negatively impacts their performance.
  • The data supports the contention that respirable dust exposure measures are more pertinent to equine airway health than inhalable dust.

Cite This Article

APA
Ivester KM, Couu00ebtil LL, Moore GE. (2018). An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds. J Vet Intern Med, 32(5), 1754-1762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15226

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 32
Issue: 5
Pages: 1754-1762

Researcher Affiliations

Ivester, Kathleen M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Couu00ebtil, Laurent L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Moore, George E
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana.

MeSH Terms

  • Aging
  • Animals
  • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
  • Environmental Exposure
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horses
  • Prospective Studies
  • Respiratory System / cytology
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / pathology
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / veterinary
  • Running
  • Sports

Grant Funding

  • Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation
  • the state of Indiana and PVM research account funded by the total wager tax
  • IND020767AH / USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture; Animal Health project

References

This article includes 35 references
  1. Couu00ebtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Lu00e9guillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
    pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824google scholar: lookup
  2. Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, Bertold B, Genovese R, Miller R, de Feiter Rupp H, Carr EA, Eberhart SW, Boruta D, Kaneene JB. Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2006 Jul;38(4):300-4.
    pubmed: 16866195doi: 10.2746/042516406777749191google scholar: lookup
  3. Beekman L, Tohver T, Lu00e9guillette R. Comparison of cytokine mRNA expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with inflammatory airway disease and bronchoalveolar lavage mastocytosis or neutrophilia using REST software analysis.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Jan-Feb;26(1):153-61.
    pubmed: 22168153doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00847.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  4. Lavoie JP, Cesarini C, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Moran K, Lutz S, Picandet V, Jean D, Marcoux M. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and cytokine messenger ribonucleic Acid expression of racehorses with exercise intolerance and lower airway inflammation.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):322-9.
    pubmed: 21281348doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0664.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Bedenice D, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):1022-8.
    pubmed: 18498325doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0109.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Hare JE, Viel L. Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses.. J Vet Intern Med 1998 May-Jun;12(3):163-70.
    pubmed: 9595377doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02112.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Ivester KM, Couu00ebtil LL, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Raskin RE. Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 May-Jun;28(3):918-24.
    pmc: PMC4895475pubmed: 24773603doi: 10.1111/jvim.12333google scholar: lookup
  8. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Lekeux PM, Van Erck E. Laboratory findings in respiratory fluids of the poorly-performing horse.. Vet J 2010 Aug;185(2):115-22.
    pubmed: 19481964doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.003google scholar: lookup
  9. Allen KJ, Tremaine WH, Franklin SH. Prevalence of inflammatory airway disease in national hunt horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):529-34.
    pubmed: 17402478doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05599.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  10. Nolen-Walston RD, Harris M, Agnew ME, Martin BB, Reef VB, Boston RC, Davidson EJ. Clinical and diagnostic features of inflammatory airway disease subtypes in horses examined because of poor performance: 98 cases (2004-2010).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013 Apr 15;242(8):1138-45.
    pubmed: 23547679doi: 10.2460/javma.242.8.1138google scholar: lookup
  11. McGorum BC, Ellison J, Cullen RT. Total and respirable airborne dust endotoxin concentrations in three equine management systems.. Equine Vet J 1998 Sep;30(5):430-4.
    pubmed: 9758102doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04514.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  12. Berndt A, Derksen FJ, Edward Robinson N. Endotoxin concentrations within the breathing zone of horses are higher in stables than on pasture.. Vet J 2010 Jan;183(1):54-57.
    pubmed: 18930664doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.001google scholar: lookup
  13. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, Jefcoat A, Berney C, Eberhardt S, Robinson NE. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):244-9.
    pubmed: 11352345doi: 10.2746/042516401776249606google scholar: lookup
  14. Tremblay GM, Ferland C, Lapointe JM, Vrins A, Lavoie JP, Cormier Y. Effect of stabling on bronchoalveolar cells obtained from normal and COPD horses.. Equine Vet J 1993 May;25(3):194-7.
    pubmed: 8508745doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02941.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  15. Gerber V, Lindberg A, Berney C, Robinson NE. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction--short-term response to environmental challenge.. J Vet Intern Med 2004 Jan-Feb;18(1):92-7.
    pubmed: 14765737doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<92:amirao>2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  16. Robinson NE, Berney C, Eberhart S, deFeijter-Rupp HL, Jefcoat AM, Cornelisse CJ, Gerber VM, Derksen FJ. Coughing, mucus accumulation, airway obstruction, and airway inflammation in control horses and horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2003 May;64(5):550-7.
    pubmed: 12755293doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.550google scholar: lookup
  17. Millerick-May ML, Karmaus W, Derksen FJ, Berthold B, Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE. Local airborne particulate concentration is associated with visible tracheal mucus in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):85-90.
    pubmed: 22494157doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00568.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Ivester KM, Smith K, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Couu00ebtilt LL. Variability in particulate concentrations in a horse training barn over time.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2012 Dec;(43):51-6.
    pubmed: 23447878doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00647.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  19. Plevin S, McLellan J. The effect of insertional suspensory branch desmitis on racing performance in juvenile Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2014 Jul;46(4):451-7.
    pubmed: 23937263doi: 10.1111/evj.12161google scholar: lookup
  20. Tesarowski DB, Viel L, McDonell WN. Pulmonary function measurements during repeated environmental challenge of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).. Am J Vet Res 1996 Aug;57(8):1214-9.
    pubmed: 8836377
  21. Raker CW, Boles CL. Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia in the horse. JEq Med Surg. 1978;202u2013207.
  22. Rakestraw PC, Hackett RP, Ducharme NG, Nielan GJ, Erb HN. Arytenoid cartilage movement in resting and exercising horses.. Vet Surg 1991 Mar-Apr;20(2):122-7.
    pubmed: 2042281doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1991.tb00319.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  23. Gerber V, Straub R, Marti E, Hauptman J, Herholz C, King M, Imhof A, Tahon L, Robinson NE. Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume.. Equine Vet J 2004 Nov;36(7):576-82.
    pubmed: 15581321doi: 10.2746/0425164044864525google scholar: lookup
  24. Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, Brown JA, Dredge AF, O'Callaghan PA, McCaffrey JP, Morley PS, Slocombe RE, Clarke AF. Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Apr;66(4):596-8.
    pubmed: 15900938doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.596google scholar: lookup
  25. Depecker M, Richard EA, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Leleu C, Couroucu00e9-Malblanc A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis.. Vet J 2014 Jan;199(1):150-6.
    pubmed: 24225534doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013google scholar: lookup
  26. Fogarty U, Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance.. Equine Vet J 1991 Nov;23(6):434-7.
    pubmed: 1778160doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03756.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Moore BR, Krakowka S, Robertson JT, Cummins JM. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease.. Am J Vet Res 1995 May;56(5):562-7.
    pubmed: 7661448
  28. Couu00ebtil LL, Denicola DB. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):77-82.
    pubmed: 10659227doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05193.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  29. Clements JM, Pirie RS. Respirable dust concentrations in equine stables. Part 1: validation of equipment and effect of various management systems.. Res Vet Sci 2007 Oct;83(2):256-62.
    pubmed: 17477944doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.12.002google scholar: lookup
  30. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Gu00e9linas-Lymburner E, David F, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. Effect of antigenic exposure on airway smooth muscle remodeling in an equine model of chronic asthma.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011 Jul;45(1):181-7.
    pubmed: 20935189doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0300OCgoogle scholar: lookup
  31. Pirie RS, Dixon PM, Collie DD, McGorum BC. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):311-8.
    pubmed: 11352355doi: 10.2746/042516401776249732google scholar: lookup
  32. Desjardins I, Theoret C, Joubert P, Wagner B, Lavoie JP. Comparison of TGF-beta 1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluid of horses affected with heaves and of normal controls.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004 Oct;101(3-4):133-41.
    pubmed: 15350743doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.03.008google scholar: lookup
  33. Pirie RS, Collie DD, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma).. Clin Exp Allergy 2003 May;33(5):676-83.
    pubmed: 12752598doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01640.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  34. Samadi S, Wouters IM, Houben R, Jamshidifard AR, Van Eerdenburg F, Heederik DJ. Exposure to inhalable dust, endotoxins, beta(1->3)-glucans, and airborne microorganisms in horse stables.. Ann Occup Hyg 2009 Aug;53(6):595-603.
    pubmed: 19561032doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mep040google scholar: lookup
  35. Rylander R. Indoor air-related effects and airborne (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan.. Environ Health Perspect 1999 Jun;107 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):501-3.
    pmc: PMC1566228pubmed: 10346999doi: 10.1289/ehp.99107s3501google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 29 times.
  1. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Conturba B, Bozzola C, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Medical Disorders and Racing Outcomes in Poorly Performing Standardbred Trotter Racehorses: A Retrospective Study.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 9;13(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13162569pubmed: 37627359google scholar: lookup
  2. Hu00f6glund N, Nieminen P, Mustonen AM, Ku00e4kelu00e4 R, Tollis S, Koho N, Holopainen M, Ruhanen H, Mykku00e4nen A. Fatty acid fingerprints in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and its extracellular vesicles reflect equine asthma severity.. Sci Rep 2023 Jun 17;13(1):9821.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36697-xpubmed: 37330591google scholar: lookup
  3. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jul-Aug;37(4):1514-1527.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16734pubmed: 37148147google scholar: lookup
  4. Ermers C, McGilchrist N, Fenner K, Wilson B, McGreevy P. The Fibre Requirements of Horses and the Consequences and Causes of Failure to Meet Them.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Apr 20;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13081414pubmed: 37106977google scholar: lookup
  5. Woodrow JS, Sheats MK, Cooper B, Bayless R. Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility.. Cells 2023 Apr 5;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/cells12071091pubmed: 37048164google scholar: lookup
  6. Cullinane A, Garvey M, Walsh C, Gibbons J, Creighton A. A Scoping Review of Non-Structural Airway Disease as a Cause of Poor Performance in Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 27;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13030429pubmed: 36766318google scholar: lookup
  7. Bond S, McMullen C, Timsit E, Lu00e9guillette R. Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):349-360.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16612pubmed: 36607177google scholar: lookup
  8. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome affects fitness parameters in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1014619.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014619pubmed: 36504861google scholar: lookup
  9. Olave CJ, Ivester KM, Couetil LL, Burgess J, Park JH, Mukhopadhyay A. Effects of low-dust forages on dust exposure, airway cytology, and plasma omega-3 concentrations in Thoroughbred racehorses: A randomized clinical trial.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):338-348.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16598pubmed: 36478588google scholar: lookup
  10. Akula S, Riihimu00e4ki M, Waern I, u00c5brink M, Raine A, Hellman L, Wernersson S. Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis of Purified Equine Mast Cells Identifies a Dominant Mucosal Mast Cell Population with Possible Inflammatory Functions in Airways of Asthmatic Horses.. Int J Mol Sci 2022 Nov 12;23(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms232213976pubmed: 36430453google scholar: lookup
  11. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Ferrucci F. Impact of Lower Airway Inflammation on Fitness Parameters in Standardbred Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 21;12(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12223228pubmed: 36428455google scholar: lookup
  12. Pisch C, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Schwarzenbolz U, Henle T, Greef JM, Zeyner A. Effect of Hay Steaming on the Estimated Precaecal Digestibility of Crude Protein and Selected Amino Acids in Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 10;12(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12223092pubmed: 36428320google scholar: lookup
  13. Rutledge JJ, Paegelow J, Ritchey J, Singh A, Rizzi T, Murray C, Gilliam L, Crisman E, Williams NJ, Holbrook TC. Nebulized glycosylated caffeic acid phenylether ester attenuation of environmental particulate-induced airway inflammation in horses.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:958567.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.958567pubmed: 36406065google scholar: lookup
  14. Janssen P, Tosi I, Hego A, Maru00e9chal P, Marichal T, Radermecker C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Found in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids of Horses With Severe Asthma and Correlate With Asthma Severity.. Front Immunol 2022;13:921077.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921077pubmed: 35911691google scholar: lookup
  15. Gressler AE, Lu00fcbke S, Wagner B, Arnold C, Lohmann KL, Schnabel CL. Comprehensive Flow Cytometric Characterization of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells Indicates Comparable Phenotypes Between Asthmatic and Healthy Horses But Functional Lymphocyte Differences.. Front Immunol 2022;13:896255.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896255pubmed: 35874777google scholar: lookup
  16. Hu00f6glund N, Koho N, Rossi H, Karttunen J, Mustonen AM, Nieminen P, Rilla K, Oikari S, Mykku00e4nen A. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles From the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Healthy and Asthmatic Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:894189.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.894189pubmed: 35799843google scholar: lookup
  17. Holmes TQ, Brown AF. Champing at the Bit for Improvements: A Review of Equine Welfare in Equestrian Sports in the United Kingdom.. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 5;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091186pubmed: 35565612google scholar: lookup
  18. Araneda OF. Horse Racing as a Model to Study the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Physical Performance.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 28;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091139pubmed: 35565565google scholar: lookup
  19. Di Pietro R, Dubuc V, Manguin E, Giroux-Lafond R, Bu00e9dard C, Boivin R, Lavoie JP, Vesper SJ, Leclere M. Characterization of fungal exposure and dectin-1 expression in healthy horses and horses with severe asthma.. Am J Vet Res 2022 May 8;83(6).
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0143pubmed: 35524958google scholar: lookup
  20. Karagianni AE, Kurian D, Cillu00e1n-Garcia E, Eaton SL, Wishart TM, Pirie RS. Training associated alterations in equine respiratory immunity using a multiomics comparative approach.. Sci Rep 2022 Jan 10;12(1):427.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04137-3pubmed: 35013475google scholar: lookup
  21. Rozario C, Martu00ednez-Sobrido L, McSorley HJ, Chauchu00e9 C. Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species.. Viruses 2021 Dec 15;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v13122519pubmed: 34960788google scholar: lookup
  22. Bessonnat A, Hu00e9lie P, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Airway remodeling in horses with mild and moderate asthma.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Jan;36(1):285-291.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16333pubmed: 34877706google scholar: lookup
  23. Tumlin K, Liu S, Park JH. Framing Future of Work Considerations through Climate and Built Environment Assessment of Volunteer Work Practices in the United States Equine Assisted Services.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 Oct 2;18(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910385pubmed: 34639685google scholar: lookup
  24. Payette F, Charlebois A, Fairbrother JH, Beauchamp G, Leclere M. Nicoletella semolina in the airways of healthy horses and horses with severe asthma.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 May;35(3):1612-1619.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16140pubmed: 33942932google scholar: lookup
  25. Davis KU, Sheats MK. Differential gene expression and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with mild/moderate neutrophilic or mastocytic inflammation on BAL cytology.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021 Apr;234:110195.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110195pubmed: 33588285google scholar: lookup
  26. Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedu017awiedu017a A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:450.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450pubmed: 32903600google scholar: lookup
  27. Stucchi L, Alberti E, Stancari G, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. The Relationship between Lung Inflammation and Aerobic Threshold in Standardbred Racehorses with Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jul 27;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10081278pubmed: 32727062google scholar: lookup
  28. Brankston G, Greer AL, Marshall Q, Lang B, Moore K, Hodgins D, Hennessey JTG, Beeler-Marfisi J. Increased Weekly Mean PM(2.5), and NO(2) Are Associated With Increased Proportions of Lower Airway Granulocytes in Ontario Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:185.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00185pubmed: 32432128google scholar: lookup
  29. Davis KU, Sheats MK. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology Characteristics and Seasonal Changes in a Herd of Pastured Teaching Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:74.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00074pubmed: 30923711google scholar: lookup

Secure Payments

PayPal Visa Mastercard American Express

Satisfaction Guarantee

We offer a 60-day guarantee to ensure you are completely satisfied.

Fast & Free Shipping

We provide fast and free shipping on all orders over $40.

Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists