The Fibre Requirements of Horses and the Consequences and Causes of Failure to Meet Them.
Abstract: Failure to meet the minimum forage requirement of 1.5% of the horse's bodyweight and the opportunity for foraging for a minimum of 8 h a day (not going without this opportunity longer than four to five consecutive hours) can have both physiological and behavioural consequences. To provide an energy source for horses, rations often include starch rather than fibre. This can result in health issues related to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in the horse. In the stomach, the main concern is equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) and, more specifically, equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). Ulcerations are caused either by increasing acidity in the stomach (from starch ingestion and reduced saliva production) or splashing of acidic juices caused by a lack of a forage barrier prior to exercise or prolonged periods without fibrous feed intake, which allows the stomach to collapse and spread acidic gastric fluids into the upper squamous regions of the stomach. In the hindgut, starch that has escaped digestion in the small intestine causes microbial instability and increased production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid. This puts horses at great risk for acidosis and subsequent laminitis. Shifts in the hindgut microbiota will also affect a horse's behaviour via the gut-brain axis, as well as potentially compromise immune function. Reduced fluid intake caused by reduced saliva production can result in colic. Choosing a fibrous alternative for starch in a high-energy diet greatly reduces the risk of EGUS and acidosis and improves digestion, GIT pH, body condition, behaviour, immune functions, and performance. Providing hay can reduce crib-biting, wood-chewing, coprophagia, the consumption of bedding, aggression, and stress, and subsequently increase social bonding and affiliation with conspecifics. Adequate fibre intake is related to reduced clinical signs of EGUS, reduced reactivity, and better adaptation to weaning. Lignophagia (wood chewing) has also been observed in horses that are foraging, and this is thought to reflect low fibre content in the available forage (for example, early vegetative, lush pasture).
Publication Date: 2023-04-20 PubMed ID: 37106977PubMed Central: PMC10135103DOI: 10.3390/ani13081414Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Review
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The study discusses the importance of a suitable amount of dietary fibre for horses, the consequences when this need is not met, and the common reasons why such failings occur. It examines these issues through the lens of both physiological and behavioural aspects.
Importance of Fibre in Horse Diets
- This paper highlights that horses should have at least 1.5% of their bodyweight in forage and 8 hours of foraging time each day.
- A key driver for meeting this requirement is to prevent health complications tied to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) and equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD).
- When starch is over-represented in the horse’s diet, less saliva is produced, which can increase the acidity of the stomach and cause stomach ulcers.
- Undigested starch can trigger microbial instability and lead to excess volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in the hindgut, putting horses at risk for acidosis and laminitis.
Behaviours Linked to Dietary Fibre Deficiency
- Deficits in the hindgut microbiota can alter a horse’s behaviour and may weaken its immune system.
- Behavioural changes such as crib-biting, wood-chewing, coprophagia (feces-eating), aggression could indicate insufficient fibre intake.
- Conversely, higher levels of social behaviour and stress reduction occur with adequate fibre consumption.
- Stress adjustment during weaning is also linked with fibre consumption.
- Wood chewing (lignophagia) is speculated to be related to the low fibre content in available forage.
Fibre vs Starch in Diets
- The research emphasizes the efficacy of replacing starch in high-energy diets with fibrous alternatives.
- Benefits include lowered risks of EGUS and acidosis, enhanced digestion, proper GIT pH, better body condition, improved behaviour, stronger immune functions, and ideally, superior performance.
- A simple and practical way to boost fibre content is to supply hay to horses, especially important when other forage is not adequately fibrous.
Cite This Article
APA
Ermers C, McGilchrist N, Fenner K, Wilson B, McGreevy P.
(2023).
The Fibre Requirements of Horses and the Consequences and Causes of Failure to Meet Them.
Animals (Basel), 13(8), 1414.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081414 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
- Equilize Horse Nutrition Pty Ltd., Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
This article includes 96 references
- Richards N, Hinch G, Rowe J. The effect of current grain feeding practices on hindgut starch fermentation and acidosis in the Australian racing Thoroughbred.. Aust Vet J 2006 Nov;84(11):402-7.
- Hoffman C.J., Costa L.R., Freeman L.M. Survey of Feeding Practices, Supplement Use, and Knowledge of Equine Nutrition among a Subpopulation of Horse Owners in New England. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:719u2013726. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.08.005.
- Visser E., Van Wijk-Jansen E. Diversity in horse enthusiasts with respect to horse welfare: An explorative study. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2012;7:295u2013304. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2011.10.007.
- Cipriano-Salazar M., Adegbeye M.J., Elghandour M.M.M.Y., Barbabosa-Pilego A., Mellado M., Hassan A., Salem A.Z.M. The Dietary Components and Feeding Management as Options to Offset Digestive Disturbances in Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;74:103u2013110. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.017.
- Ringmark S, Roepstorff L, Essu00e9n-Gustavsson B, Revold T, Lindholm A, Hedenstru00f6m U, Rundgren M, Ogren G, Jansson A. Growth, training response and health in Standardbred yearlings fed a forage-only diet.. Animal 2013 May;7(5):746-53.
- Richardson K., Murray J.A.M.D. Fiber for Performance Horses: A Review. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;46:31u201339. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.234.
- Vinassa M., Cavallini D., Galaverna D., Baragli P., Raspa F., Nery J., Valle E. Palatability assessment in horses in relation to lateralization and temperament. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2020;232:105110. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105110.
- Harris PA, Ellis AD, Fradinho MJ, Jansson A, Julliand V, Luthersson N, Santos AS, Vervuert I. Review: Feeding conserved forage to horses: recent advances and recommendations.. Animal 2017 Jun;11(6):958-967.
- McGilchrist N. The Importance of Fibre for Horses. [(accessed on 17 August 2022)]. Available online: https://feedxl.com/38-the-importance-of-fibre/
- Buxton DR, Redfearn DD. Plant limitations to fiber digestion and utilization.. J Nutr 1997 May;127(5 Suppl):814S-818S.
- Allen V., Batello C., Berretta E., Hodgson J., Kothmann M., Li X., McIvor J., Milne J., Morris C., Peeters A., et al. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass Forage Sci. 2011;66:2. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x.
- Richards N, Nielsen BD, Finno CJ. Nutritional and Non-nutritional Aspects of Forage.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021 Apr;37(1):43-61.
- Cavallini D, Penazzi L, Valle E, Raspa F, Bergero D, Formigoni A, Fusaro I. When Changing the Hay Makes a Difference: A Series of Case Reports.. J Equine Vet Sci 2022 Jun;113:103940.
- Hothersall B., Nicol C. Effects of diet on behavioru2013normal and abnormal. In: Geor R., Harris P., Coenen M., editors. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition. W.B. Saunders; London, UK: 2013.
- Elia JB, Erb HN, Houpt KA. Motivation for hay: effects of a pelleted diet on behavior and physiology of horses.. Physiol Behav 2010 Dec 2;101(5):623-7.
- Merritt A.M., Julliand V. Gastrointestinal physiology. In: Geor R.J., Harris P.A., Coenen M., editors. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition. W.B. Saunders; London, UK: 2013. pp. 3u201332.
- Al Jassim RA, Scott PT, Trebbin AL, Trott D, Pollitt CC. The genetic diversity of lactic acid producing bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract.. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005 Jul 1;248(1):75-81.
- McMeniman NP, Elliott R, Groenendyk S, Dowsett KF. Synthesis and absorption of cysteine from the hindgut of the horse.. Equine Vet J 1987 May;19(3):192-4.
- Carroll F., Goss H., Howell C. The Synthesis of B Vitamins in the Horse. J. Anim. Sci. 1949;8:290u2013299. doi: 10.2527/jas1949.82290x.
- Richards N. PhD Thesis. School of Rural Science, University of New England; Armidale, Australia: 2003. Enhancing Starch Digestion in the Equine Small Intestine.
- Muhonen S, Sadet-Bourgeteau S, Julliand V. Effects of Differences in Fibre Composition and Maturity of Forage-Based Diets on the Microbial Ecosystem and Its Activity in Equine Caecum and Colon Digesta and Faeces.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 8;11(8).
- Raspa F, Vervuert I, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Bergero D, Forte C, Greppi M, Cavallarin L, Giribaldi M, Antoniazzi S, Cavallini D, Valvassori E, Valle E. A high-starch vs. high-fibre diet: effects on the gut environment of the different intestinal compartments of the horse digestive tract.. BMC Vet Res 2022 May 19;18(1):187.
- Salter R., Hudson R. Feeding Ecology of Feral Horses in Western Alberta. J. Range Manag. 1979;32:221u2013225. doi: 10.2307/3897127.
- Tyler S. The behaviour and social organisation of the New Forest Ponies. Anim. Behav. Monogr. 1972;5:85u2013196. doi: 10.1016/0003-3472(72)90003-6.
- Duncan P. Time-budgets of Carmargue horses II. Time budgets of adult horses and weaned sub-adults. Behaviour. 1980;72:26u201349. doi: 10.1163/156853980X00023.
- Ellis A. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses; Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop Equine Nutrition; Cirencester, UK. 19u201322 September 2010;
- Arena I., Marliani G., Sabioni S., Gabai G., Bucci D., Accorsi P. Assessment of horsesu2019 welfare: Behavioral, hormonal, and husbandry aspects. J. Vet. Behav. 2021;41:82u201390. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.006.
- Luthersson N, Nielsen KH, Harris P, Parkin TD. Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark.. Equine Vet J 2009 Sep;41(7):625-30.
- Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European College of Equine Internal Medicine Consensus Statement--Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):1288-99.
- Sadet-Bourgeteau S, Philippeau C, Julliand V. Effect of concentrate feeding sequence on equine hindgut fermentation parameters.. Animal 2017 Jul;11(7):1146-1152.
- Hassel DM, Aldridge BM, Drake CM, Snyder JR. Evaluation of dietary and management risk factors for enterolithiasis among horses in California.. Res Vet Sci 2008 Dec;85(3):476-80.
- Dosi MCM, Kirton R, Hallsworth S, Keen JA, Morgan RA. Inducing weight loss in native ponies: is straw a viable alternative to hay?. Vet Rec 2020 Oct 17;187(8):e60.
- Jansson A, Lindberg JE. A forage-only diet alters the metabolic response of horses in training.. Animal 2012 Dec;6(12):1939-46.
- Swami V, Hochstu00f6ger S, Kargl E, Stieger S. Hangry in the field: An experience sampling study on the impact of hunger on anger, irritability, and affect.. PLoS One 2022;17(7):e0269629.
- McGreevy PD, Cripps PJ, French NP, Green LE, Nicol CJ. Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the thoroughbred horse.. Equine Vet J 1995 Mar;27(2):86-91.
- Manson G.J. Stereotypies: A critical review. Anim. Behav. 1991;41:1015u20131037. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2.
- Nicol C. Understanding equine stereotypies.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Apr;(28):20-5.
- McGreevy . Equine Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians and Equine Scientists. 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders; London, UK: 2012.
- Mayes E., Duncan P. Temporal Patterns of Feeding Behaviour in Free-Ranging Horses. Behaviour. 1986;96:105u2013129. doi: 10.1163/156853986X00243.
- Van den Berg M., Lee C., Brown W. Browsingu2014An overlooked aspect of feeding management in horses?; Proceedings of the Australasian Equine Science Symposium; Gold Coast, Australia. 13u201315 June 2012.
- Nicol CJ, Davidson HP, Harris PA, Waters AJ, Wilson AD. Study of crib-biting and gastric inflammation and ulceration in young horses.. Vet Rec 2002 Nov 30;151(22):658-62.
- Clegg H.A., Buckley P., Friend M.A., McGreevy P.D. The ethological and physiological characteristics of cribbing and weaving horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;109:68u201376. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.02.001.
- Keenan DM. Bark chewing by horses grazed on irrigated pasture.. Aust Vet J 1986 Jul;63(7):234-5.
- McBride S.D., Parker M.O., Roberts K., Hemmings A. Applied neurophysiology of the horse; implications for training, husbandry and welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2017;190:90u2013101. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.014.
- Hanis F., Chung E.L.T., Kamalludin M.H., Idrus Z. Do nutrient composition of feedstuffs affect the proportion of oral stereotypies and redirected behaviors among horse working groups? J. Vet. Behav. 2021;46:7u201314. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.010.
- Hothersall B., Casey R. Undesired behaviour in horses: A review of their development, prevention, management and association with welfare. Equine Vet. Educ. 2012;24:479u2013485. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00296.x.
- Willard JG, Willard JC, Wolfram SA, Baker JP. Effect of diet on cecal pH and feeding behavior of horses.. J Anim Sci 1977 Jul;45(1):87-93.
- Raspa F, Tarantola M, Muca E, Bergero D, Soglia D, Cavallini D, Vervuert I, Bordin C, De Palo P, Valle E. Does Feeding Management Make a Difference to Behavioural Activities and Welfare of Horses Reared for Meat Production?. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 6;12(14).
- Raspa F, Dinardo FR, Vervuert I, Bergero D, Bottero MT, Pattono D, Dalmasso A, Vinassa M, Valvassori E, Bruno E, De Palo P, Valle E. A Fibre- vs. cereal grain-based diet: Which is better for horse welfare? Effects on intestinal permeability, muscle characteristics and oxidative status in horses reared for meat production.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022 Mar;106(2):313-326.
- Benhajali H, Richard-Yris MA, Ezzaouia M, Charfi F, Hausberger M. Foraging opportunity: a crucial criterion for horse welfare?. Animal 2009 Sep;3(9):1308-12.
- Hockenhull J., Creighton E. Management practices associated with owner-reported stable-related and handling behaviour problems in UK leisure horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2014;155:49. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.02.014.
- Fureix C, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Partners with bad temper: reject or cure? A study of chronic pain and aggression in horses.. PLoS One 2010 Aug 26;5(8):e12434.
- Murray MJ, Grodinsky C, Anderson CW, Radue PF, Schmidt GR. Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1989 Jun;(7):68-72.
- Henderson AJ. Don't fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses.. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2007;10(4):309-29.
- Buchanan BR, Andrews FM. Treatment and prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Dec;19(3):575-97.
- Mal M.E., McCall C.A. The influence of handling during different ages on a halter training test in foals. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1996;50:115u2013120. doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(96)01083-0.
- Hoffman RM, Kronfeld DS, Holland JL, Greiwe-Crandell KM. Preweaning diet and stall weaning method influences on stress response in foals.. J Anim Sci 1995 Oct;73(10):2922-30.
- Delank K, Reese S, Erhard M, Wu00f6hr AC. Behavioral and hormonal assessment of stress in foals (Equus caballus) throughout the weaning process.. PLoS One 2023;18(1):e0280078.
- Goodwin D., Davidson H.P.B., Harris P. A note on behaviour of stabled horses with foraging devices in mangers and buckets. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2007;105:238u2013243. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.018.
- McGreevy P, Berger J, de Brauwere N, Doherty O, Harrison A, Fiedler J, Jones C, McDonnell S, McLean A, Nakonechny L, Nicol C, Preshaw L, Thomson P, Tzioumis V, Webster J, Wolfensohn S, Yeates J, Jones B. Using the Five Domains Model to Assess the Adverse Impacts of Husbandry, Veterinary, and Equitation Interventions on Horse Welfare.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Mar 18;8(3).
- Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ, Littlewood KE, McLean AN, McGreevy PD, Jones B, Wilkins C. The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human-Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 14;10(10).
- Luthersson N., Nadeau J.A. Gastric ulceration. In: Geor R.J., Harris P.A., Coenen M., editors. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition. W.B. Saunders; London, UK: 2013. pp. 558u2013567.
- Jonsson H, Egenvall A. Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.. Equine Vet J 2006 May;38(3):209-13.
- Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Beldomenico P, Aleman M, Kerr JW, Spier SJ. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses--a preliminary report.. Vet J 2004 Jan;167(1):33-7.
- le Jeune SS, Nieto JE, Dechant JE, Snyder JR. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred broodmares in pasture: a preliminary report.. Vet J 2009 Sep;181(3):251-5.
- McClure SR, Glickman LT, Glickman NW. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 Oct 15;215(8):1130-3.
- Andrews FM, Nadeau JA. Clinical syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals and mature horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Apr;(29):30-3.
- Lorenzo-Figueras M, Merritt AM. Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2002 Nov;63(11):1481-7.
- Hepburn R. Gastric ulceration in horses. In Practice. 2011;33:116u2013124. doi: 10.1136/inp.d1195.
- Nadeau JA, Andrews FM, Patton CS, Argenzio RA, Mathew AG, Saxton AM. Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2003 Apr;64(4):404-12.
- Chapa M. Masteru2019s Thesis. Oklahoma State University; Ann Arbor, MI, USA: 2019. Effect of Dietary Fiber Level on the Healing of Gastric Ulcers in Horses.
- Bu00f6hm S., Mitterer T., Iben C. The impact of feeding a high-fibre and high-fat concentrated diet on the recovery of horses suffering from gastric ulcers. Pferdeheilkunde. 2018;34:237u2013246. doi: 10.21836/PEM20180304.
- Hewetson M, Venner M, Volquardsen J, Sykes BW, Hallowell GD, Vervuert I, Fosgate GT, Tulamo RM. Diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in weanling foals.. Acta Vet Scand 2018 Apr 13;60(1):24.
- Shawaf T, El-Deeb WM, Elgioushy M. The Contribution of Specific and Nonspecific Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) Under Field Condition.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Jan;84:102853.
- Kauter A, Epping L, Semmler T, Antao EM, Kannapin D, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H, Lu00fcbke-Becker A, Gu00fcnther S, Wieler LH, Walther B. The gut microbiome of horses: current research on equine enteral microbiota and future perspectives.. Anim Microbiome 2019 Nov 13;1(1):14.
- Blikslager AT. Colic Prevention to Avoid Colic Surgery: A Surgeon's Perspective.. J Equine Vet Sci 2019 May;76:1-5.
- Longland AC, Byrd BM. Pasture nonstructural carbohydrates and equine laminitis.. J Nutr 2006 Jul;136(7 Suppl):2099S-2102S.
- Potter SJ, Bamford NJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Incidence of laminitis and survey of dietary and management practices in pleasure horses and ponies in south-eastern Australia.. Aust Vet J 2017 Oct;95(10):370-374.
- Bru00f8kner C., Bach Knudsen K.E., Karaman I., Eybye K.L., Tauson A.H. Chemical and physicochemical characterisation of various horse feed ingredients. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012;177:86u201397. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.06.005.
- Williamson A, Rogers CW, Firth EC. A survey of feeding , management and faecal pH of Thoroughbred racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2007 Dec;55(6):337-41.
- Hemsworth L., Jongman E., Coleman G. Recreational horse welfare: The relationships between recreational horse owner attributes and recreational horse welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2015;165:1u201316. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.019.
- Honoru00e9 E.K., Uhlinger C.A. Equine feeding practices in central north carolina: A preliminary survey. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1994;14:424u2013429. doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)82009-5.
- RSPCA What Should I Feed My Horse? [(accessed on 30 September 2022)]. Available online: https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-should-i-feed-my-horse/
- Geor R.J. Nutritional management of the equine athlete. In: Hinchcliff K.W., Geor R.J., Kaneps A.J., editors. Equine Exercise Physiology. W.B. Saunders; Edinburgh, UK: 2008. pp. 301u2013325.
- Stewart J.H. Seven Rules to Make Feeding Your Horse Simple. [(accessed on 30 September 2022)]. Available online: https://ponyclubaustralia.com.au/seven-rules-to-make-feeding-your-horse-simple/
- Kunz J. The Rules of Feeding Your Horse. [(accessed on 30 September 2022)]. Available online: https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/rules-feeding-your-horse.
- Lawrence L. Nutrient needs of performance horses. Rev. Bras. De Zootec. 2008;37:206u2013210. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982008001300024.
- Kaya-Karasu G., Huntington P., Iben C., Murray J.-A. Feeding and Management Practices for Racehorses in Turkey. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;61:108u2013113. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.04.009.
- Council N.R. Nutrient Requirements of Horse. 6th ed. The National Academies Press; Washington, DC, USA: 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Horses: Sixth Revised Edition.
- Harris P.A., Coenen M., Geor R.J. 26u2014Controversial areas in equine nutrition and feeding management: The Editorsu2019 views. In: Geor R.J., Harris P.A., Coenen M., editors. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition. W.B. Saunders; London, UK: 2013. pp. 455u2013465.
- Gordon ME, McKeever KH, Bokman S, Betros CL, Manso-Filho H, Liburt N, Streltsova J. Interval exercise alters feed intake as well as leptin and ghrelin concentrations in standardbred mares.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):596-605.
- Jones RD, McGreevy PD, Robertson A, Clarke AF, Wathes CM. Survey of the designs of racehorse stables in the south west of England.. Equine Vet J 1987 Sep;19(5):454-7.
- Ivester KM, Couu00ebtil LL, Moore GE. An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1754-1762.
- Olave CJ, Ivester KM, Couetil LL, Kritchevsky JE, Tinkler SH, Mukhopadhyay A. Dust exposure and pulmonary inflammation in Standardbred racehorses fed dry hay or haylage: A pilot study.. Vet J 2021 May;271:105654.
- McLean A., McGreevy P. Horse-training techniques that may defy the principles of learning theory and compromise welfare. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2010;5:187u2013195. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.04.002.
- McLean A., McGreevy P. Ethical equitation: Capping the price horses pay for human glory. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2010;5:203u2013209. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.04.003.
Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Zicarelli F, Tudisco R, Lotito D, Musco N, Iommelli P, Ferrara M, Calabru00f2 S, Infascelli F, Lombardi P. Forage:Concentrate Ratio Effects on In Vivo Digestibility and In Vitro Degradability of Horse's Diet.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 11;13(16).