HomeEquine Research BankEquine Vet J SupplBlood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytolog...

Equine veterinary journal. Supplement2000; (30); 77-82; doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05193.x

Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease.

Couu00ebtil, LL
·
Denicola, DB

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, arterial blood gases and plasma lactate concentration during a standardised treadmill test (STT) in racehorses with small-airway inflammation (SAI), or exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Sixteen Thoroughbred and 20 Standardbred actively racing racehorses, were divided into a control group (n = 10), EIPH group (n = 13) and SAI group (n = 13). Each STT consisted of a 2 min trot at 4 m/s followed by 5 x 1 min, incremental speed steps (6, 8, 10, 11 and 12 m/s) at 10% incline for Thoroughbred and 5% for Standardbred horses, followed by a 15 min recovery period. Blood was collected via a transverse facial artery catheter at the end of each step. Total nucleated cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from horses with EIPH was significantly higher than controls. Neutrophil count and percentage in BALF collected pre-STT from horses with SAI were significantly higher than controls. Horses with EIPH or SAI exhibited a more severe exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia than control horses during the first 4 steps of the STT (P < 0.001). Poorly performing horses were more severely hypercapnic than control horses during the STT recovery period (P < 0.05). Five and 15 min post exercise, horses with SAI and EIPH had higher blood lactate and lower blood bicarbonate concentrations than control horses (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that lung ventilation-perfusion mismatch may be more severe in horses with respiratory disease. BALF of horses with SAI and EIPH was characterised by neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammation, respectively. Very few parameters were significantly different between groups of good and poor performers.

Get Full Text

Publication Date: 2000-02-05 PubMed ID: 10659227DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05193.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup

The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.

Facebook X LinkedIn Email

Summary
Cite This
Publication
Affiliations
MeSH
Citations

Journal Article
Research Support
Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the connection between bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, arterial blood gases and plasma lactate concentration during a standardised treadmill test in racehorses with respiratory diseases. The study pointed out that horses with such respiratory conditions may have more severe ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the lungs.

Objective and Methodology

The study aimed to understand the correlation between bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, arterial blood gases, and plasma lactate concentration in racehorses undergoing a standardised treadmill test (STT). The considered diseases were small-airway inflammation (SAI) and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH).
A total of 16 Thoroughbred and 20 Standardbred actively racing horses participated in the study. These were classified into a control group, an EIPH group, and an SAI group.
The STTs composed a 2-minute trot at 4 m/s, followed by 5 one-minute speed steps – 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12 m/s with appropriate inclinations. A recovery period of 15 minutes was followed.
Blood samples were taken at the end of every STT step via a transverse facial artery catheter.

Observations and Findings

The study found that the total nucleated cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from horses in the EIPH group was significantly higher than those in the control group. In horses with SAI, neutrophil count and percentage were notably higher than in controls.
During the first four steps of the STT, horses affected by EIPH or SAI evidenced more severe exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia than control horses.
During the STT recovery periods, poorly performing horses demonstrated more severe hypercapnia than the controls.
Upon examining post-exercise hemodynamics, horses with SAI and EIPH showed higher blood lactate and lower blood bicarbonate concentrations than control horses at 5 and 15 minutes post exercise.

Conclusions and Implications

The findings suggest that there might be a more severe lung ventilation-perfusion mismatch in horses afflicted with respiratory diseases.
BALF analyses showed neutrophilic inflammation in SAI horses and lymphocytic inflammation in EIPH horses.
Not many parameters were significantly different between good and poor performing horses, which indicates that performance alone might not be a reliable measure for gauging the extent of respiratory disease in horses.

Cite This Article

APA

Couu00ebtil LL, Denicola DB. (2000). Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Vet J Suppl(30), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05193.x

Publication

Equine veterinary journal. Supplement

NlmUniqueID: 9614088

Country: United States

Language: English

Issue: 30

Pages: 77-82

Researcher Affiliations

Couu00ebtil, L L

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1248, USA.

Denicola, D B

MeSH Terms

Animals
Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
Bronchitis / veterinary
Bronchoalveolar Lavage / veterinary
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
Exercise Test / veterinary
Hemorrhage / physiopathology
Hemorrhage / veterinary
Horse Diseases / blood
Horse Diseases / physiopathology
Horses
Lactic Acid / blood
Physical Conditioning, Animal / adverse effects
Pulmonary Alveoli / pathology
Pulmonary Circulation

Citations

This article has been cited 19 times.

Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Conturba B, Bozzola C, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Medical Disorders and Racing Outcomes in Poorly Performing Standardbred Trotter Racehorses: A Retrospective Study.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 9;13(16).
doi: 10.3390/ani13162569pubmed: 37627359google scholar: lookup
Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jul-Aug;37(4):1514-1527.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.16734pubmed: 37148147google scholar: lookup
Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Ferrucci F. Impact of Lower Airway Inflammation on Fitness Parameters in Standardbred Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 21;12(22).
doi: 10.3390/ani12223228pubmed: 36428455google scholar: lookup
Stucchi L, Lo Feudo CM, Stancari G, Conturba B, Ferrucci F. Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 19;12(18).
doi: 10.3390/ani12182479pubmed: 36139339google scholar: lookup
Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Alberti E, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 12;12(4).
doi: 10.3390/ani12040449pubmed: 35203157google scholar: lookup
Herteman N, Mosing M, Waldmann AD, Gerber V, Schoster A. Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2500-2510.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.16260pubmed: 34505734google scholar: lookup
Stucchi L, Alberti E, Stancari G, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. The Relationship between Lung Inflammation and Aerobic Threshold in Standardbred Racehorses with Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jul 27;10(8).
doi: 10.3390/ani10081278pubmed: 32727062google scholar: lookup
Bond SL, Greco-Otto P, MacLeod J, Galezowski A, Bayly W, Lu00e9guillette R. Efficacy of dexamethasone, salbutamol, and reduced respirable particulate concentration on aerobic capacity in horses with smoke-induced mild asthma.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):979-985.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.15696pubmed: 31953974google scholar: lookup
Bond S, Lu00e9guillette R, Richard EA, Couetil L, Lavoie JP, Martin JG, Pirie RS. Equine asthma: Integrative biologic relevance of a recently proposed nomenclature.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Nov;32(6):2088-2098.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.15302pubmed: 30294851google scholar: lookup
Ivester KM, Couu00ebtil LL, Moore GE. An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1754-1762.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.15226pubmed: 30222207google scholar: lookup
Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ. Equine Welfare during Exercise: An Evaluation of Breathing, Breathlessness and Bridles.. Animals (Basel) 2017 May 26;7(6).
doi: 10.3390/ani7060041pubmed: 28587125google scholar: lookup
Lu00e9guillette R, Tohver T, Bond SL, Nicol JA, McDonald KJ. Effect of Dexamethasone and Fluticasone on Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Horses With Inflammatory Airway Disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2017 Jul;31(4):1193-1201.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.14740pubmed: 28568169google scholar: lookup
Barton AK, Gehlen H. Pulmonary Remodeling in Equine Asthma: What Do We Know about Mediators of Inflammation in the Horse?. Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:5693205.
doi: 10.1155/2016/5693205pubmed: 28053371google scholar: lookup
Burnheim K, Hughes KJ, Evans DL, Raidal SL. Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Nov 28;12(1):268.
doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0893-3pubmed: 27894292google scholar: lookup
Couu00ebtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Lu00e9guillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824pubmed: 26806374google scholar: lookup
Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK, Morley PS, Robinson NE, Sweeney CR, van Erck E. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):743-58.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12593pubmed: 25996660google scholar: lookup
Ivester KM, Couu00ebtil LL, Zimmerman NJ. Investigating the link between particulate exposure and airway inflammation in the horse.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Nov-Dec;28(6):1653-65.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12458pubmed: 25273818google scholar: lookup
Richard EA, Depecker M, Defontis M, Leleu C, Fortier G, Pitel PH, Couroucu00e9-Malblanc A. Cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with neutrophilic inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Nov-Dec;28(6):1838-44.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12464pubmed: 25269933google scholar: lookup
Perez-Moreno CI, Couu00ebtil LL, Pratt SM, Ochoa-Acuu00f1a HG, Raskin RE, Russell MA. Effect of furosemide and furosemide-carbazochrome combination on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Standardbred racehorses.. Can Vet J 2009 Aug;50(8):821-7.
pubmed: 19881919