Abstract: Equine corneal disease is common and painful. Current pain mitigation strategies are often suboptimal, especially early in the disease. Objective: To evaluate the effects of local anaesthetic delivery via indwelling retrobulbar catheter on corneal sensitivity, pupil size, pupillary light responses (PLRs), and ocular motility in normal horses. Methods: Randomised, controlled crossover experiment. Methods: One eye was randomly selected from seven horses. A 20-gauge catheter was placed in the retrobulbar space and injected with 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine or 0.9% saline. Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry (CBE), pupil photogrammetry, PLRs, and oculocephalic reflexes were evaluated before injection (t = 0) and t = 0.25, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after injection. Following a 7-14 day washout period, this procedure was repeated using the alternative injection solution. Corneal touch thresholds (CTTs) derived from CBE and pupillary areas (PA; as measured from photographs) were compared across time for each group. PLRs and oculocephalic reflexes were compared between groups at each evaluation time point. Results: Saline did not affect CBE, PA, PLRs or oculocephalic reflexes at any time point. Bupivacaine reduced CTT compared with saline for 6 h, with maximum reduction at t = 1 h (bupivacaine: 0.08 ± 0.20 cm; saline: 4.21 ± 0.39 cm; p < 0.001). Bupivacaine increased PA compared with saline for 3 h, with maximum increase at t = 3 h (bupivacaine: 349.75 ± 84.80 mm; saline: 194.65 ± 27.03 mm; p = 0.04). Bupivacaine injection reduced PLRs for 9 h and oculocephalic reflexes for 3 h; saline had no effect. Mild adverse effects included chemosis, blepharoedema, and transiently reduced palpebral reflex. Conclusions: Reduction in CTT may not directly translate to pain control in clinical horses with corneal disease. Adverse effects of repeated injections were not evaluated. Conclusions: Injection of bupivacaine via an indwelling retrobulbar catheter in horses reduces corneal sensitivity and may be useful in reducing pain in horses with corneal disease. Background: Les maladies cornéennes équines sont communes et douloureuses. Les stratégies actuelles de gestion de la douleur sont souvent sous‐optimale, particulièrement en début de maladie. Objective: Évaluer les effets de l'administration d'anesthésique local via cathéter rétrobulbaire sur la sensibilité cornéenne, la taille de la pupille, les réflexes pupillaires à la lumière et la motilité oculaire chez les chevaux normaux. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Étude croisée, randomisée et contrôlée. MÉTHODES: Un œil a été sélectionné au hasard chez 7 chevaux. Un cathéter 20G a été placé dans l'espace rétrobulbaire puis une injection de 10 mL de bupivacaïne 0.5% ou de saline 0.9% a été faite. L'esthésiométrie Cochet‐Bonnet (CBE), la photogrammétrie pupillaire (PA), les réflexes pupillaires à la lumière (PLRs) et les réflexes oculocéphaliques ont été évalués avant l'injection (t = 0) et à t = 0.25, 1, 3, 6, 9 et 12 heures après injection. À la suite d'une période de sevrage de 7–14 jours, la procédure a été répétée en utilisant une solution à injecter alternative. Les seuils de toucher cornéen (corneal touch thresholds/CTT) dérivés de l'esthésiométrie et des aires pupillaires (PA; telle que mesurées sur les photographies) ont été comparé entre les groupes pour chacun des temps. Les réflexes pupillaires à la lumière et oculocéphaliques ont aussi été comparés entre les groupes à chaque point dans le temps. RÉSULTATS: La saline a laissé CBE, PA, PLRs et les réflexes oculocéphaliques inchangés à chaque point dans le temps. La bupivacaïne a réduit les seuils de toucher cornéen comparativement à la saline à 6 heures, avec une réduction maximale observée à t = 1heure (bupivacaïne: 0.08 ± 0.20 cm; saline: 4.21 ± 0.39 cm; p < 0.001). La bupivacaïne a augmenté les aires pupillaires comparativement à la saline pour une durée de 3 heures, avec une augmentation maximale à t = 3heures (bupivacaïne: 349.75 ± 84.80 mm2; saline: 194.65 ± 27.03 mm2; p = 0.04). L'injection de bupivacaine a réduit les réflexes pupillaires à la lumière pour une durée de 9 heures et les réflexes oculocéphaliques pour 3 heures; la saline n'a eu aucun effet. Des signes secondaires légers ont été observé incluant de la chémose, de l'œdème des paupières et un réflexe palpébral diminué de façon transitoire. Unassigned: La diminution des seuils de toucher cornéen pourrait ne pas être directement relié au contrôle de la douleur chez les chevaux avec maladie cornéenne clinique. Les effets secondaires d'injections répétées n'ont pas été évalué. Conclusions: L'injection de bupivacaïne dans un cathéter rétrobulbaire chez les chevaux réduit la sensibilité cornéenne et pourrait être utilisé pour réduire la douleur chez les chevaux souffrant de maladie cornéenne.
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This research tested the effectiveness of using a local anaesthetic delivered through a catheter placed in the retrobulbar space (the area behind the eyeball) to control pain associated with corneal disease in horses. The study found that the anaesthetic, bupivacaine, reduced corneal sensitivity potentially aiding the reduction of pain for horses suffering from corneal disease.
Study Design and Methods
The study was a randomised, controlled crossover experiment – each horse would serve as its own control by receiving both the anaesthetic and a saline solution, with a washout period in between.
One eye was chosen from each of the seven horses involved. A 20-gauge catheter was placed into the retrobulbar space and was injected with either 10mL of 0.5% bupivacaine anaesthetic solution or 0.9% saline.
The researchers evaluated corneal sensitivity, pupil size, pupillary light responses (PLRs), and ocular motility before and at several time points after the injection, using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry (CBE) and pupil photogrammetry. The evaluation points were immediately after injection; at 15 minutes; and then after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours.
Results
The saline solution did not have an effect on any of the measures at any time point.
Bupivacaine injection decreased corneal touch thresholds – a measure of corneal sensitivity – compared to the saline solution for up to six hours, with maximum reduction at one hour after injection.
It also increased pupillary areas compared to the saline solution for up to three hours, with the maximum increase at three hours after injection.
The bupivacaine injection also reduced pupillary light responses for up to nine hours and oculocephalic reflexes (a type of ocular motility) for three hours.
Some mild side effects, such as chemosis (swelling of the conjunctiva), blepharosdema (swelling of the eyelids), and briefly reduced palpebral reflex (blink reflex), were observed.
Conclusions
The decrease in corneal sensitivity does not directly translate into pain control – further research is necessary to understand the correlation better.
Adverse effects of repeated injections were not evaluated in this study.
Despite some reservations, the results suggest that injecting bupivacaine via an indwelling retrobulbar catheter can reduce corneal sensitivity, and it might prove useful for mitigating pain in horses with corneal diseases.
Cite This Article
APA
Moody LM, Hicks SL, Foote BC, Hendrix DV, Ward DA.
(2024).
Local anaesthetic delivery through indwelling retrobulbar catheters for ocular pain control in horses.
Equine Vet J, 57(4), 1110-1117.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14419
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