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BMC veterinary research2017; 13(1); 318; doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1244-8

Local anaesthetics or their combination with morphine and/or magnesium sulphate are toxic for equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes in vitro.

Abstract: Chondrotoxic effects of local anaesthetics are well reported in humans and some animal species but knowledge on their toxic effects on synoviocytes or equine chondrocytes or the effects on cellular production of inflammatory cytokines is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of local anaesthetics, morphine, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) or their combinations on cell viability and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression of equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes. Equine synoviocytes and cartilage explants harvested from normal joints in a co-culture system were exposed to mepivacaine (4.4 mg/ml), bupivacaine (2.2 mg/ml), morphine (2.85 mg/ml) and MgSO4 (37 mg/ml) alone or each local anaesthetic plus morphine or MgSO4 or both together. Chondrocyte and synoviocyte cell viability was assessed by CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Synoviocyte gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α was measured and compared using the ∆∆CT method. Results: Morphine alone, MgSO4 alone or their combination did not alter cell viability or the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α. However, local anaesthetics alone or in combination with morphine and/or MgSO4 reduced cell viability and increased the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α. Single short exposure to local anaesthetics is toxic to both chondrocytes and synoviocytes and their combination with morphine and/or MgSO4 enhanced the cytotoxic effects. Conclusions: This in vitro study gives further evidence of the absence of cytotoxic effects of morphine alone, MgSO4 alone or their combination on normal articular tissues. However, local anaesthetics alone or in combination with morphine and/or MgSO4 have cytotoxic effects on equine articular tissues.
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Publication Date: 2017-11-07 PubMed ID: 29115971PubMed Central: PMC5678813DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1244-8Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research conducted explored the potential toxic effects of local anaesthetics, morphine, and magnesium sulphate on horse joint cells. The findings suggest that while morphine and magnesium sulphate alone, or in combination, don’t possess any harmful effects, local anaesthetics when used alone or with morphine and/or magnesium sulphate, exhibited toxicity on these cells.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The research was conducted in vitro, meaning outside of living organisms and instead within a controlled laboratory environment. This method allows for more precise control over conditions and variables.
  • The study examined the effects of various compounds on equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes. These are different types of cells found in the joints of horses.
  • Harvested equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes were exposed to different quantities of mepivacaine, bupivacaine, morphine, and magnesium sulphate alone or in combination. Mepivacaine and bupivacaine are types of local anaesthetics.
  • Cell viability was assessed using a luminescent cell viability assay, a method frequently used in cell biology to determine the number of live cells within a sample.
  • The expression of certain pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α) was also measured. These genes are critical to the body’s inflammatory response.

Results and Discoveries

  • The study found that while morphine or magnesium sulphate alone, or in combination, didn’t negatively impact cell viability or cytokine gene expression, local anaesthetics did.
  • Both the cell viability and the expression of inflammatory genes were decreased when exposed to local anaesthetics, either alone or in combination with morphine or magnesium sulphate.
  • This showed that local anaesthetics are toxic to equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes, and combining these anaesthetics with morphine and/or magnesium sulphate can exacerbate this toxicity.

Conclusions

  • This paper concludes that morphine and magnesium sulphate do not have cytotoxic effects on equine joint tissues.
  • However, local anaesthetics—either independently or combined with morphine and/or magnesium sulphate—present cytotoxic effects on these tissues.
  • The findings emphasise that care should be given when administering local anaesthetics, particularly in combination with morphine and/or magnesium sulphate, in situations involving horse joint cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Rubio-Martínez LM, Rioja E, Castro Martins M, Wipawee S, Clegg P, Peffers MJ. (2017). Local anaesthetics or their combination with morphine and/or magnesium sulphate are toxic for equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes in vitro. BMC Vet Res, 13(1), 318. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1244-8

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 318

Researcher Affiliations

Rubio-Martínez, L M
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, CH647TE, Neston, UK. luis.rubiomartinez@hotmail.com.
Rioja, E
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, CH647TE, Neston, UK.
Castro Martins, M
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, CH647TE, Neston, UK.
Wipawee, S
  • Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya (Thailand) and Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Clegg, P
  • Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Peffers, M J
  • Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology
  • Animals
  • Bupivacaine / pharmacology
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Chondrocytes / drug effects
  • Coculture Techniques
  • Cytokines / genetics
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Drug Combinations
  • Gene Expression
  • Horses
  • Magnesium Sulfate / pharmacology
  • Mepivacaine / pharmacology
  • Morphine / pharmacology
  • Synoviocytes / drug effects

Grant Funding

  • Wellcome Trust
  • MR/P020941/1 / Medical Research Council

Conflict of Interest Statement

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: No samples were obtained from equine patients. Tissue samples were collected from the abattoir which are considered a by-product of the agricultural industry. Specifically, the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, Schedule 2, does not define collection from these sources as scientific procedures. Ethical approval was therefore not required for this study. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: All authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Adler DMT, Jørgensen E, Cornett C. The concentration of lidocaine and mepivacaine measured in synovial fluid of different joints of horses after single intra-articular injection. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1007399.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1007399pubmed: 36439347google scholar: lookup
  2. Saeidinezhad M, Razban V, Safizadeh H, Ezzatabadipour M. Effects of maternal consumption of morphine on rat skeletal system development. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021 May 13;22(1):435.
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