Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 42 enteroviruses.
Abstract: This paper describes the preparation of 8 dried pools (designated A to H) of sera. Each pool is composed of 10 or 11 of 42 individual enterovirus equine sera and contains 500 antibody units of each serum component per 0.1 ml. Procedures for using the antiserum pools are given, and guidance is provided for interpreting the results of serum neutralization tests in identifying field isolates.
Publication Date: 1973-01-01 PubMed ID: 4355401PubMed Central: PMC2481070
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research paper discusses the process of preparing lyophilized (freeze-dried) combinations of equine antisera for identifying different enteroviruses. Antisera from 42 specific enteroviruses are pooled together and rehydrated when needed to test for the presence of these viruses in field isolates.
Preparation of Antisera Pools
The main focus of the research paper is the method used for preparing eight distinct pools of antisera, each containing sera from 10 to 11 different enteroviruses. These pools, identified as A to H, are prepared by lyophilizing, or freeze-drying, the antisera. The process involves:
- Collecting equine antisera for each of the 42 enteroviruses.
- Combining specific antisera to create eight distinct pools. Each contains antisera from 10 or 11 different enteroviruses.
- Lyophilizing the pooled antisera to create a stable, long-lasting form.
- Ensuring that each 0.1ml unit of the dried pools contains 500 antibody units of each serum component.
Use and Application of Antisera Pools
The study further documents the procedures for rehydrating and using these antisera pools, and offers guidance on interpreting the results from serum neutralization tests. The steps include:
- Rehydrating the lyophilized antisera pools when required for testing.
- Using the rehydrated antisera in serum neutralization tests to identify the presence of specific enteroviruses in field isolates.
- Interpreting the results from these tests. The paper provides guidance for understanding and analyzing the outcomes of serum neutralization tests.
Implications and Applications of Research
This research and its innovative strategy of preparing, storing, and using equine antisera could have several key applications and implications:
- Improving the identification process for enteroviruses in field isolates, which could lead to better disease surveillance and management.
- Enhancing the efficiency and reducing the resources needed for testing, as antisera can be prepared in advance and stored until needed.
- Providing a foundation for developing similar strategies for other types of viruses or disease agents.
Cite This Article
APA
Melnick JL, Rennick V, Hampil B, Schmidt NJ, Ho HH.
(1973).
Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 42 enteroviruses.
Bull World Health Organ, 48(3), 263-268.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Enterovirus / classification
- Enterovirus / immunology
- Freeze Drying
- Horses / immunology
- Immune Sera
- Methods
- Neutralization Tests
- World Health Organization
References
This article includes 7 references
- Melnick JL, Hampil B. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera.. Bull World Health Organ 1965;33(6):761-72.
- Hampil B, Melnick JL. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera: second report.. Bull World Health Organ 1968;38(4):577-93.
- Wallis C, Melnick JL. Virus aggregation as the cause of the non-neutralizable persistent fraction.. J Virol 1967 Jun;1(3):478-88.
- Melnick JL, Hampil B. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera. Third report.. Bull World Health Organ 1970;42(6):847-63.
- Schmidt NJ, Melnick JL, Wenner HA, Ho HH, Burkhardt MA. Evaluation of enterovirus immune horse serum pools for identification of virus field strains.. Bull World Health Organ 1971;45(3):317-30.
- SCHMIDT NJ, GUENTHER RW, LENNETTE EH. Typing of ECHO virus isolates by immune serum pools. The "intersecting serum scheme".. J Immunol 1961 Nov;87:623-6.
- LIM KA, BENYESH-MELNICK M. Typing of viruses by combinations of antiserum pools. Application to typing of enteroviruses (Coxsackie and ECHO).. J Immunol 1960 Mar;84:309-17.
Citations
This article has been cited 39 times.- Wang H, Tao Z, Li Y, Lin X, Yoshida H, Song L, Zhang Y, Wang S, Cui N, Xu W, Song Y, Xu A. Environmental surveillance of human enteroviruses in Shandong Province, China, 2008 to 2012: serotypes, temporal fluctuation, and molecular epidemiology.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014 Aug;80(15):4683-91.
- Medici MC, Tummolo F, Martella V, Chezzi C, Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Calderaro A. Epidemiological and molecular features of norovirus infections in Italian children affected with acute gastroenteritis.. Epidemiol Infect 2014 Nov;142(11):2326-35.
- Zoll J, Erkens Hulshof S, Lanke K, Verduyn Lunel F, Melchers WJ, Schoondermark-van de Ven E, Roivainen M, Galama JM, van Kuppeveld FJ. Saffold virus, a human Theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life.. PLoS Pathog 2009 May;5(5):e1000416.
- Bouslama L, Gharbi J, Aouni M. Analysis of the genetic and the corresponding antigenic variability of the VP1 3' end of ECHO virus type 11 and ECHO virus type 30.. Virus Genes 2006 Oct;33(2):205-12.
- Simmonds P. Recombination and selection in the evolution of picornaviruses and other Mammalian positive-stranded RNA viruses.. J Virol 2006 Nov;80(22):11124-40.
- Menegus MA, Hollick GE. Increased Efficiency of Group B Coxsackievirus Isolation from Clinical Specimens by Use of BGM Cells.. J Clin Microbiol 1982 May;15(5):945-8.
- Chen TC, Chen GW, Hsiung CA, Yang JY, Shih SR, Lai YK, Juang JL. Combining multiplex reverse transcription-PCR and a diagnostic microarray to detect and differentiate enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16.. J Clin Microbiol 2006 Jun;44(6):2212-9.
- Sedmak G, Bina D, Macdonald J, Couillard L. Nine-year study of the occurrence of culturable viruses in source water for two drinking water treatment plants and the influent and effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (August 1994 through July 2003).. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005 Feb;71(2):1042-50.
- Perera D, Podin Y, Akin W, Tan CS, Cardosa MJ. Incorrect identification of recent Asian strains of Coxsackievirus A16 as human enterovirus 71: improved primers for the specific detection of human enterovirus 71 by RT PCR.. BMC Infect Dis 2004 May 4;4:11.
- Sedmak G, Bina D, MacDonald J. Assessment of an enterovirus sewage surveillance system by comparison of clinical isolates with sewage isolates from milwaukee, wisconsin, collected august 1994 to december 2002.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003 Dec;69(12):7181-7.
- Manzara S, Muscillo M, La Rosa G, Marianelli C, Cattani P, Fadda G. Molecular identification and typing of enteroviruses isolated from clinical specimens.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Dec;40(12):4554-60.
- Siafakas N, Georgopoulou A, Markoulatos P, Spyrou N, Stanway G. Molecular detection and identification of an enterovirus during an outbreak of aseptic meningitis.. J Clin Lab Anal 2001;15(2):87-95.
- Kilpatrick DR, Quay J, Pallansch MA, Oberste MS. Type-specific detection of echovirus 30 isolates using degenerate reverse transcriptase PCR primers.. J Clin Microbiol 2001 Apr;39(4):1299-302.
- Peng T, Li Y, Yang Y, Niu C, Morgan-Capner P, Archard LC, Zhang H. Characterization of enterovirus isolates from patients with heart muscle disease in a selenium-deficient area of China.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Oct;38(10):3538-43.
- Oberste MS, Maher K, Flemister MR, Marchetti G, Kilpatrick DR, Pallansch MA. Comparison of classic and molecular approaches for the identification of untypeable enteroviruses.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Mar;38(3):1170-4.
- Oberste MS, Maher K, Kennett ML, Campbell JJ, Carpenter MS, Schnurr D, Pallansch MA. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of echovirus type 30 (E30): genotypes correlate with temporal dynamics of E30 isolation.. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Dec;37(12):3928-33.
- Oberste MS, Maher K, Kilpatrick DR, Flemister MR, Brown BA, Pallansch MA. Typing of human enteroviruses by partial sequencing of VP1.. J Clin Microbiol 1999 May;37(5):1288-93.
- Muir P, Kämmerer U, Korn K, Mulders MN, Pöyry T, Weissbrich B, Kandolf R, Cleator GM, van Loon AM. Molecular typing of enteroviruses: current status and future requirements. The European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998 Jan;11(1):202-27.
- Lina B, Valette M, Foray S, Luciani J, Stagnara J, See DM, Aymard M. Surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in Rhone-Alpes (France) during winter 1994 to 1995.. J Clin Microbiol 1996 Dec;34(12):3007-11.
- Goyal SM, Adams WN, O'Malley ML, Lear DW. Human pathogenic viruses at sewage sludge disposal sites in the Middle Atlantic region.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984 Oct;48(4):758-63.
- Keswick BH, Gerba CP, Goyal SM. Occurrence of enteroviruses in community swimming pools.. Am J Public Health 1981 Sep;71(9):1026-30.
- Shaffer PT, Metcalf TG, Sproul OJ. Chlorine resistance of poliovirus isolants recovered from drinking water.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980 Dec;40(6):1115-21.
- Rao VC, Seidel KM, Goyal SM, Metcalf TG, Melnick JL. Isolation of enteroviruses from water, suspended solids, and sediments from Galveston Bay: survival of poliovirus and rotavirus adsorbed to sediments.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984 Aug;48(2):404-9.
- Herrmann JE, Morse SA, Collins MF. Comparison of techniques and immunoreagents used for indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase identification of enteroviruses.. Infect Immun 1974 Jul;10(1):220-6.
- Melnick JL, Hampil B. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera; fourth report.. Bull World Health Organ 1973;48(4):381-96.
- Novello F, Lombardi F, Amato C, Santoro R, Fiore L, Grandolfo ME, Pasquini P. Paralytic poliomyelitis in Italy (1981-85).. Eur J Epidemiol 1987 Mar;3(1):54-60.
- Payment P, Trudel M, Plante R. Elimination of viruses and indicator bacteria at each step of treatment during preparation of drinking water at seven water treatment plants.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985 Jun;49(6):1418-28.
- Peigue-Lafeuille H, Fuchs F, Gharabaghi F, Chambon M, Aymard M. Impact on routine diagnosis of echovirus infections of intratypic differentiation and antigenic variation in echovirus type 25 studied by using monoclonal antibodies.. J Clin Microbiol 1990 Oct;28(10):2291-6.
- Equestre M, Genovese D, Cavalieri F, Fiore L, Santoro R, Perez Bercoff R. Identification of a consistent pattern of mutations in neurovirulent variants derived from the sabin vaccine strain of poliovirus type 2.. J Virol 1991 May;65(5):2707-10.
- Reimann BY, Zell R, Kandolf R. Mapping of a neutralizing antigenic site of Coxsackievirus B4 by construction of an antigen chimera.. J Virol 1991 Jul;65(7):3475-80.
- Gilbert RG, Gerba CP, Rice RC, Bouwer H, Wallis C, Melnick JL. Virus and bacteria removal from wastewater by land treatment.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1976 Sep;32(3):333-8.
- Moore BE, Sagik BP, Sorber CA. Procedure for the recovery of airborne human enteric viruses during spray irrigation of treated wastewater.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979 Oct;38(4):688-93.
- Landry EF, Vaughn JM, Thomas MZ, Beckwith CA. Adsorption of enteroviruses to soil cores and their subsequent elution by artificial rainwater.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979 Oct;38(4):680-7.
- Vaughn JM, Landry EF, Thomas MZ, Vicale TJ, Penello WF. Survey of human enterovirus occurrence in fresh and marine surface waters on Long Island.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979 Aug;38(2):290-6.
- Goyal SM, Gerba CP, Melnick JL. Human enteroviruses in oysters and their overlying waters.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979 Mar;37(3):572-81.
- Vaughn JM, Landry EF, Baranosky LJ, Beckwith CA, Dahl MC, Delihas NC. Survey of human virus occurrence in wastewater-recharged groundwater on Long Island.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978 Jul;36(1):47-51.
- Goyal SM, Gerba CP. Comparative adsorption of human enteroviruses, simian rotavirus, and selected bacteriophages to soils.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979 Aug;38(2):241-7.
- Hurst CJ, Farrah SR, Gerba CP, Melnick JL. Development of quantitative methods for the detection of enteroviruses in sewage sludges during activation and following land disposal.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978 Jul;36(1):81-9.
- Sobsey MD. Field survey of enteric viruses in solid waste landfill leachates.. Am J Public Health 1978 Sep;68(9):858-64.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
