Mapping the epidemiology and intensity of Parascaris equorum infection in equids in Erbil Province, Iraq.

The research paper detailed the occurrence, severity, and risk factors of Parascaris equorum infection in horses and other related animals in Erbil Province, Iraq. The research used both parasitological and molecular methods, investigating the connection between various factors such as age, gender, physical condition, and living conditions with the risk of infection.

Research Methodology

• The study used a systematic approach to gather information about the equines’ age, sex, physical condition, and housing circumstances to understand the impact of these factors on the risk of Parascaris equorum infection.
• A total of 294 equines (148 horses, 47 mules, 63 donkeys, and 36 ponies) were incorporated into the study. Fecal samples from these animals were examined utilizing direct wet-mount and flotation techniques to identify the presence of the parasite.
• The intensity of infection was quantified using the McMaster technique, a process that estimates the number of eggs per gram (EPG) in the sample.
• A PCR test targeting the ITS-2 region of Parascaris equorum was performed to molecularly confirm the infection. This was complemented by a sequence analysis on a single PCR-positive sample from each equine species.
• The MEGA 7 software was used for the phylogenetic analysis to explore the genetic similarity between the detected parasite infections and those identified in other countries.

Key Findings

• The overall presence of the parasite in the tested subjects was 28.2%, with the highest rate found in donkeys (38.1%), followed by horses (29.1%), mules (23.4%), and ponies (13.9%).
• The study showed that higher infection rates were significantly related to younger age, being male, poor physical condition, and being housed outdoors.
• The severity of infection differed according to species, with horses more likely to have moderate infections and donkeys commonly experiencing severe cases.
• The genetic difference between the local and international parasites was found to be low according to the phylogenetic analysis, implying low genetic variability of the parasite.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• The study underscored the importance of using both traditional and molecular diagnostics for effective detection and control of Parascaris equorum.
• To reduce the occurrence of cases and improve equine health, the researchers suggested implementation of regular deworming schedules, improved hygiene and manure management in stables, and targeted nutritional support, especially for animals in poor physical condition.