Measurement of cardiac output in standing horses by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution.
Abstract: Measurement of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography were compared to simultaneous measurements by thermodilution in 9 conscious horses. In the Doppler technique, mean blood flow velocities for estimation of cardiac output were recorded from the aorta and pulmonary artery. The flow area of each vessel was calculated from the vessel diameter, measured from a 2-dimensional ultrasound image. Differences in the site and method of measuring the vessel diameter altered the estimation of cardiac output by the Doppler method. Cardiac output was modified by the i.v. infusion of 4 micrograms/kg bwt/min dopamine and 4 micrograms/kg bwt/min dobutamine and by the i.v. administration of 10 micrograms/kg bwt detomidine and 20 micrograms/kg bwt butorphanol. Doppler measurements of cardiac output correlated closely with measurement by thermodilution. Measurements from the aortic outflow correlated more closely with thermodilution, than those from the pulmonary artery (r = 0.89 and r = 0.77, respectively). Doppler measurements when the mean flow velocity was recorded from the aorta and the flow area was measured from the ascending aorta using the leading edge method. There was no significant bias between the 2 techniques when Doppler flow velocities were recorded by this method and the limits of agreement were narrow (+/- 12.26 l/min). The differences between the 2 methods increased with increasing cardiac output. Doppler echocardiography is a safe noninvasive method of measuring cardiac output in horses. The agreement between Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution in this study is similar to that reported in man and is similar to that reported between thermodilution and other techniques in man.
Publication Date: 1997-01-01 PubMed ID: 9031859DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01631.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research tested the accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in measuring cardiac output in horses, comparing the results against the thermodilution method. The Doppler method’s effectivity was observed under various conditions, and it was found to have a strong correlation with thermodilution, making it a viable non-invasive procedure for cardiac output assessment.
Doppler Echocardiography versus Thermodilution
- The experiment involved direct comparison of cardiac output measurements through Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution in nine conscious horses. The Doppler measurements involved recording mean blood flow velocities from the aorta and pulmonary artery.
- In addition, the flow area of each vessel was calculated using the vessel’s diameter from a 2D ultrasound image. Differences in the site and method of measuring the vessel diameter resulted in variation in cardiac output estimation via the Doppler method.
Cardiac Output Modification
- The researchers manipulated cardiac output using the intravenous (IV) administration of various drug doses. The drugs used were dopamine, dobutamine, detomidine, and butorphanol.
- The results showed that Doppler measurements of cardiac output closely correlated with thermodilution measurements. Notably, measurements from the aortic outflow correlated more closely than those from the pulmonary artery.
Evaluation of Doppler Echocardiography
- The researchers hence determined that Doppler echocardiography is a reliable non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output in horses.
- The data revealed no significant bias between the Doppler and thermodilution techniques when Doppler flow velocities were recorded using a particular method. However, the differences between the two methods increased as cardiac output increased.
- The study found an agreement between Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution measurements, similar to those reported in human studies.
In conclusion, this study points to the large potential of Doppler echocardiography as a safe, non-invasive, and accurate method for measuring cardiac output in horses. However, it does note that the differences between this technique and the thermodilution method may increase with higher cardiac outputs.
Cite This Article
APA
Blissitt KJ, Young LE, Jones RS, Darke PG, Utting J.
(1997).
Measurement of cardiac output in standing horses by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution.
Equine Vet J, 29(1), 18-25.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01631.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburg, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
MeSH Terms
- Analgesics / pharmacology
- Animals
- Butorphanol / pharmacology
- Cardiac Output / drug effects
- Cardiac Output / physiology
- Cardiotonic Agents / pharmacology
- Dobutamine / pharmacology
- Dopamine / pharmacology
- Echocardiography, Doppler / methods
- Echocardiography, Doppler / veterinary
- Female
- Horses / physiology
- Imidazoles / pharmacology
- Male
- Narcotics / pharmacology
- Neurotransmitter Agents / pharmacology
- Pulmonary Artery / diagnostic imaging
- Pulmonary Artery / drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery / physiology
- Reference Values
- Regional Blood Flow / drug effects
- Reproducibility of Results
- Thermodilution / methods
- Thermodilution / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Vernemmen I, Paulussen E, Dauvillier J, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Three-dimensional and catheter-based intracardiac echocardiographic characterization of the interatrial septum in 2 horses with suspicion of a patent foramen ovale. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Jul;36(4):1535-1542.
- Troya-Portillo L, López-Sanromán J, Villalba-Orero M, Santiago-Llorente I. Cardiorespiratory, Sedative and Antinociceptive Effects of a Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion with Morphine, Ketamine or Both. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 13;11(7).
- Gehlen H, Stadler P. Comparison of systolic cardiac function before and after treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses with and without additional cardiac valve insufficiencies. Vet Res Commun 2004 May;28(4):317-29.
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