FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Int Arch Allergy Immunol / Measurement of Horse Allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2: A Compar...
International archives of allergy and immunology2022; 183(11); 1166-1177; doi: 10.1159/000525960

Measurement of Horse Allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2: A Comparison among Breeds.

Abstract: Horse allergens are less studied than allergens from other furry animals and these allergens must be evaluated to understand the complexity of allergy to horses. The aims of this study were to develop assays for the horse allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 in dander and saliva and to determine their levels in ten horse breeds. The study also included a comparison of these findings with previous results on the levels of Equ c 4 performed on the same study population. The study population included 170 horses from 10 horse breeds including American Curly and Russian Bashkir horse, which have been suggested to be hypoallergenic. Competitive ELISA assays were developed, with polyclonal antibodies as capture antibodies, for the detection of Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 in dander and saliva samples. The horse allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 were found in all dander and saliva samples from the ten horse breeds. The GM level (ng/µg protein) of Equ c 1 in dander was 470 (range 129-2,569) and in saliva samples, 40 (range 6-160). The GM level of Equ c 2 in dander was 138 (range 18-1,650) and in saliva samples, 0.8 (range 0.03-17). In dander, there were no significant differences in Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 GM levels between stallions, mares, and geldings. Our results show high intra- and inter-breed variability. Neither the American Curly horse nor the Russian Bashkir horse, earlier categorized as hypoallergenic breeds, was associated with lower allergen levels of Equ c 1, Equ c 2, or Equ c 4 than the other horse breeds investigated.
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-01 PubMed ID: 36049466PubMed Central: PMC9808744DOI: 10.1159/000525960Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article looks into developing assays for uncovering allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 prevalent in horses, with specific focus on dander and saliva across ten different horse breeds. The findings of the study revealed high variability between different breeds, including those previously classified as hypoallergenic.

Research Objectives

The main objectives of the study were:

  • To create assays for the identification and measurement of allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 in horse dander and saliva.
  • To measure the levels of these allergens across ten different horse breeds.
  • To contrast these findings with earlier results on Equ c 4 allergen levels conducted on the same study population.

Study Design

For this study, 170 horses spanning 10 different horse breeds were selected. Notably, the participation included two breeds, the American Curly and Russian Bashkir, previously believed to be hypoallergenic. Competitive ELISA assays were developed using polyclonal antibodies for detecting Equ c 1 and Equ c 2.

Findings

The analysis of the dander and saliva samples from all ten horse breeds revealed the presence of Equ c 1 and Equ c 2 allergens. The presence of these allergens showed significant variability both within (intra-) and between (inter-) breeds. Despite prior assumptions, both the American Curly and Russian Bashkir breeds, previously categorized as hypoallergenic, were not low in allergen levels of Equ c 1, Equ c 2, or Equ c 4 compared to the other eight breeds.

Implications

Confirmation of percent and type of allergens should no longer be based on breed categorization and previous assumptions of specific hypoallergenic breeds. These results necessitate broader inquiries into horse allergens to gain more accurate knowledge of their complexity and potential risks they pose to humans. Testing across other horse breeds and evaluation of other potential allergens is significant to obtain a holistic understanding of allergies related to horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Victor S, Lampa E, Rask Andersen A, Gafvelin G, Grönlund H, Elfman L. (2022). Measurement of Horse Allergens Equ c 1 and Equ c 2: A Comparison among Breeds. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 183(11), 1166-1177. https://doi.org/10.1159/000525960

Publication

International archives of allergy and immunology
ISSN: 1423-0097
NlmUniqueID: 9211652
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 183
Issue: 11
Pages: 1166-1177

Researcher Affiliations

Victor, Susanne
  • Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Lampa, Erik
  • Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Rask Andersen, Anna
  • Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Gafvelin, Guro
  • Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Grönlund, Hans
  • Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Elfman, Lena
  • Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Male
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Dander
  • Allergens
  • Hypersensitivity / diagnosis
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • Russia

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 22 references
  1. Rönmark E, Warm K, Bjerg A, Backman H, Hedman L, Lundbäck B. High incidence and persistence of airborne allergen sensitization up to age 19 years.. Allergy 2017 May;72(5):723-730.
    pubmed: 27659134doi: 10.1111/all.13053google scholar: lookup
  2. Davenport J, Smith D. Equine Hypersensitivity: the Dark Horse of Allergy.. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020 Dec;59(3):352-358.
    pubmed: 32876923doi: 10.1007/s12016-020-08807-4google scholar: lookup
  3. Gregoire C, Rosinski-Chupin I, Rabillon J, Alzari PM, David B, Dandeu JP. cDNA cloning and sequencing reveal the major horse allergen Equ c1 to be a glycoprotein member of the lipocalin superfamily.. J Biol Chem 1996 Dec 20;271(51):32951-9.
    pubmed: 8955138doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.51.32951google scholar: lookup
  4. Bulone V, Krogstad-Johnsen T, Smestad-Paulsen B. Separation of horse dander allergen proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis--molecular characterisation and identification of Equ c 2.0101 and Equ c 2.0102 as lipocalin proteins.. Eur J Biochem 1998 Apr 1;253(1):202-11.
    pubmed: 9578478doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2530202.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Fjeldsgaard BE, Paulsen BS. Comparison of IgE-binding antigens in horse dander and a mixture of horse hair and skin scrapings.. Allergy 1993 Oct;48(7):535-41.
    pubmed: 8238811doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb01111.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Goubran Botros H, Poncet P, Rabillon J, Fontaine T, Laval JM, David B. Biochemical characterization and surfactant properties of horse allergens.. Eur J Biochem 2001 May;268(10):3126-36.
    pubmed: 11358533doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02217.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Martini M, Swiontek K, Antonicelli L, Garritani MS, Bilò MB, Mistrello G, Amato S, Revets D, Ollert M, Morisset M, Hilger C. Lysozyme, a new allergen in donkey's milk.. Clin Exp Allergy 2018 Nov;48(11):1521-1523.
    pubmed: 30004599doi: 10.1111/cea.13232google scholar: lookup
  8. Dandeu JP, Rabillon J, Divanovic A, Carmi-Leroy A, David B. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography for isolation and purification of Equ.cl, the horse major allergen.. J Chromatogr 1993 Nov 17;621(1):23-31.
    pubmed: 8308084doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80072-cgoogle scholar: lookup
  9. Saarelainen S, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Rouvinen J, Taivainen A, Auriola S, Kauppinen A, Kinnunen T, Virtanen T. Animal-derived lipocalin allergens exhibit immunoglobulin E cross-reactivity.. Clin Exp Allergy 2008 Feb;38(2):374-81.
    pubmed: 18070162doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02895.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  10. Konradsen JR, Fujisawa T, van Hage M, Hedlin G, Hilger C, Kleine-Tebbe J, Matsui EC, Roberts G, Rönmark E, Platts-Mills TA. Allergy to furry animals: New insights, diagnostic approaches, and challenges.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015 Mar;135(3):616-25.
    pubmed: 25282018doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.026google scholar: lookup
  11. Goubran Botros H, Rabillon J, Grégoire C, David B, Dandeu JP. Thiophilic adsorption chromatography: purification of Equ c2 and Equ c3, two horse allergens from horse sweat.. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998 Jun 12;710(1-2):57-65.
    pubmed: 9686871doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00130-3google scholar: lookup
  12. Virtanen T, Zeiler T, Mäntyjärvi R. Important animal allergens are lipocalin proteins: why are they allergenic?. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999 Dec;120(4):247-58.
    pubmed: 10640908doi: 10.1159/000024277google scholar: lookup
  13. Malcolm R, Ecks S, Pickersgill M. 'It just opens up their world': autism, empathy, and the therapeutic effects of equine interactions.. Anthropol Med 2018 Aug;25(2):220-234.
    pmc: PMC6199690pubmed: 28513182doi: 10.1080/13648470.2017.1291115google scholar: lookup
  14. Mitlehner W, Mitlehner HC, Niggemann B. Horse Allergy: Curly Horses Allow Horse Allergic Riders To Ride Again.. Pneumologie 2015 Dec;69(12):711-718.
    pubmed: 26649597doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393396google scholar: lookup
  15. Zahradnik E, Janssen-Weets B, Sander I, Kendzia B, Mitlehner W, May C, Raulf M. Lower allergen levels in hypoallergenic Curly Horses? A comparison among breeds by measurements of horse allergens in hair and air samples.. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0207871.
    pmc: PMC6291085pubmed: 30540798doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207871google scholar: lookup
  16. Victor S, Binnmyr J, Lampa E, Rask-Andersen A, Elfman L. Levels of horse allergen Equ c 4 in dander and saliva from ten horse breeds.. Clin Exp Allergy 2019 May;49(5):701-711.
    pmc: PMC6850112pubmed: 30716182doi: 10.1111/cea.13362google scholar: lookup
  17. Elfman L, Brannstrom J, Smedje G. Detection of horse allergen around a stable.. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008;145(4):269-76.
    pubmed: 18025788doi: 10.1159/000110885google scholar: lookup
  18. Wintersand A. Molecular approaches for characterization diagnosis and therapy of allergy to pets. Inst för klinisk neurovetenskap/Dept of Clinical Neuroscience 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 5].
  19. Core Team R. R a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2021.
  20. Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models.. Biom J 2008 Jun;50(3):346-63.
    pubmed: 18481363doi: 10.1002/bimj.200810425google scholar: lookup
  21. Valenta R, Lidholm J, Niederberger V, Hayek B, Kraft D, Grönlund H. The recombinant allergen-based concept of component-resolved diagnostics and immunotherapy (CRD and CRIT).. Clin Exp Allergy 1999 Jul;29(7):896-904.
    pubmed: 10383589doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00653.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Schoos AM, Nwaru BI, Borres MP. Component-resolved diagnostics in pet allergy: Current perspectives and future directions.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021 Apr;147(4):1164-1173.
    pubmed: 33444632doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.640google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Rosada T, Lis K, Bartuzi Z, Ukleja-Sokołowska N. Sensitization to Horse Allergens-Molecular Analysis Based on the Results of Multiparameter Tests. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Feb 9;26(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26041447pubmed: 40003913google scholar: lookup
  2. Hilger C, Janssen-Weets B, Swiontek K. Hypoallergenic animals: A promise of hope for allergic patients?. Allergol Select 2024;8:64-69.
    doi: 10.5414/ALX02454Epubmed: 38549813google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.