FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
BMC veterinary research2024; 20(1); 70; doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03934-y

Metabarcoding study to reveal the structural community of strongylid nematodes in domesticated horses in Thailand.

Abstract: Mixed strongylid infections significantly impact equine health and performance. Traditional microscopy-based methods exhibit limitations in accurately identifying strongylid species. Nemabiome deep amplicon sequencing approach previously succeeded in describing the strongylid communities in livestock including equids. However, there are no available studies that describe the structural communities of strongylid parasites in horses in Thailand. Therefore, this study was undertaken encompassing the ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding assay to characterize strongylid species within horse fecal samples collected from a cohort of yearlings at the largest domesticated stud farm in Thailand. In addition, to investigate the capability of ITS-2 rDNA in assessing the phylogenetic relationships among the identified strongylid species. Results: The study identified 14 strongylid species in the examined equine populations, each with varying prevalence. Notably, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus longibursatus were identified as the predominant species, with Strongylus spp. conspicuously absent. The phylogenetic analysis of 207 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) displayed a complex relationship among the investigated cyathostomin species, with some species are positioned across multiple clades, demonstrating close associations with various species and genera. Conclusions: The ITS-2 nemabiome sequencing technique provided a detailed picture of horse strongylid parasite species in the studied population. This establishes a foundation for future investigations into the resistance status of these parasites and enables efforts to mitigate their impact.
© 2024. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-02-24 PubMed ID: 38395874PubMed Central: PMC10893705DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03934-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research used DNA metabarcoding techniques to identify and analyze the community structure of strongylid nematode parasites in domesticated horses in Thailand.
  • The study focused on characterizing the species diversity and phylogenetic relationships of nematodes based on ITS-2 rDNA sequences from horse fecal samples.

Background and Motivation

  • Strongylid nematodes are parasitic worms commonly infecting horses, leading to health issues and performance decline.
  • Mixed infections by various strongylid species complicate diagnosis and treatment.
  • Traditional microscopy methods struggle to accurately identify species due to morphological similarities.
  • Advances in molecular techniques such as the nemabiome deep amplicon sequencing allow for more precise species identification and community profiling.
  • Previous studies applied this method to livestock and some equid populations but none focused on horses in Thailand.

Study Objectives

  • To characterize the species composition and prevalence of strongylid nematodes in domesticated horses at Thailand’s largest stud farm.
  • To apply ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding assays to fecal samples for species identification.
  • To explore the phylogenetic relationships among identified strongylid species to understand their genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships.

Methodology

  • Collection of fecal samples from a cohort of yearling horses at the stud farm.
  • Extraction of DNA from fecal material targeting the ITS-2 region of ribosomal DNA, a commonly used molecular marker for nematodes.
  • Use of metabarcoding, a method involving high-throughput sequencing of mixed DNA samples to identify multiple species simultaneously.
  • Generation of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) representing unique DNA sequences corresponding to different nematode species.
  • Phylogenetic analysis conducted on 207 ASVs to determine relationships between species and evaluate the ITS-2 marker’s effectiveness in resolving these relationships.

Key Findings

  • Fourteen distinct strongylid nematode species were identified within the horse population.
  • Species prevalence was variable; Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus longibursatus were the most dominant species.
  • Strongylus species, typically considered important large strongyles, were not detected in these samples.
  • The phylogenetic tree showed a complex arrangement: some species were distributed across multiple clades, indicating close genetic relationships both within and across genera.
  • These results underscore the genetic diversity and intricate species relationships present in the strongylid community infecting horses in Thailand.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding method proved effective in delineating the strongylid community structure in horses, overcoming limitations of traditional microscopy.
  • This study provides a baseline understanding of equine nematode diversity in Thailand, useful for ongoing parasite management efforts.
  • Insights from the phylogenetic relationships can inform future research into parasite evolution and the spread of anthelmintic resistance.
  • Establishing the strongylid species landscape helps to guide targeted parasite control strategies and improve horse health and productivity.

Significance of the Research

  • Contributes new knowledge about nematode parasitism in an understudied equine population.
  • Demonstrates the practical utility of metabarcoding as a diagnostic and epidemiological tool for veterinary parasitology.
  • Supports broader efforts in equine health to monitor parasite dynamics and combat drug resistance globally.

Cite This Article

APA
Hamad MH, Islam SI, Jitsamai W, Chinkangsadarn T, Naraporn D, Ouisuwan S, Taweethavonsawat P. (2024). Metabarcoding study to reveal the structural community of strongylid nematodes in domesticated horses in Thailand. BMC Vet Res, 20(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-03934-y

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 70
PII: 70

Researcher Affiliations

Hamad, Mohamed H
  • The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
  • Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
  • Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Islam, Sk Injamamul
  • The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
  • Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Jitsamai, Wanarit
  • Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Chinkangsadarn, Teerapol
  • Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Naraporn, Darm
  • Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Center, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Hua-Hin, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, 77110, Thailand.
Ouisuwan, Suraseha
  • Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Center, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Hua-Hin, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, 77110, Thailand.
Taweethavonsawat, Piyanan
  • Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. Piyanan.T@chula.ac.th.
  • Biomarkers in Animals Parasitology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. Piyanan.T@chula.ac.th.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Thailand / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Nematoda
  • Strongyloidea / genetics
  • Feces / parasitology
  • DNA, Ribosomal
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • FOOD66310019 / Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund, Chulalongkorn University

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

This article includes 63 references
  1. Walshe N, Mulcahy G, Crispie F, Cabrera-Rubio R, Cotter P, Jahns H, Duggan V. Outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis–A perfect storm of inflammation and dysbiosis. Equine Vet J 2021;53(4):727–39.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13350pmc: PMC8246859pubmed: 32920897google scholar: lookup
  2. Love S, Murphy D, Mellor D. Pathogenicity of cyathostome infection. Vet Parasitol 1999;85(2–3):113–22.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00092-8pubmed: 10485358google scholar: lookup
  3. Leathwick DM, Sauermann CW, Reinemeyer CR, Nielsen MK. A model for the dynamics of the parasitic stages of equine cyathostomins. Vet Parasitol 2019;268:53–60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.03.004pubmed: 30981306google scholar: lookup
  4. Matthews J, Burden F. Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions. Equine Veterinary Educ 2013;25(9):461–7.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12018google scholar: lookup
  5. Matthews J. An update on cyathostomins: anthelmintic resistance and worm control. Equine Veterinary Educ 2008;20(10):552–60.
    doi: 10.2746/095777308X363912pubmed: 21790768google scholar: lookup
  6. Lichtenfels JR, Kharchenko VA, Dvojnos GM. Illustrated identification keys to strongylid parasites (Strongylidae: Nematoda) of horses, zebras and asses (Equidae). Vet Parasitol 2008;156(1–2):4–161.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.026pubmed: 18603375google scholar: lookup
  7. Sargison N, Chambers A, Chaudhry U, Júnior LC, Doyle SR, Ehimiyein A, Evans M, Jennings A, Kelly R, Sargison F. Faecal egg counts and nemabiome metabarcoding highlight the genomic complexity of equine cyathostomin communities and provide insight into their dynamics in a Scottish native pony herd. Int J Parasitol 2022;52(12):763–74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.08.002pubmed: 36208676google scholar: lookup
  8. Corning S. Equine cyathostomins: a review of biology, clinical significance and therapy. Parasites Vectors 2009;2(Suppl 2):1.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-S2-S1pmc: PMC2751837pubmed: 19778462google scholar: lookup
  9. Garcia A, Brady HA, Nichols WT, Prien S. Equine cyathostomin resistance to fenbendazole in Texas horse facilities. J Equine Veterinary Sci 2013;33(4):223–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.06.005google scholar: lookup
  10. Poissant J, Gavriliuc S, Bellaw J, Redman EM, Avramenko RW, Robinson D, Workentine ML, Shury TK, Jenkins EJ, McLoughlin PD. A repeatable and quantitative DNA metabarcoding assay to characterize mixed strongyle infections in horses. Int J Parasitol 2021;51(2–3):183–92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.09.003pubmed: 33242465google scholar: lookup
  11. Demeler J, Ramunke S, Wolken S, Ianiello D, Rinaldi L, Gahutu JB, Cringoli G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krucken J. Discrimination of gastrointestinal nematode eggs from crude fecal egg preparations by inhibitor-resistant conventional and real-time PCR. PLoS ONE 2013;8(4):e61285.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061285pmc: PMC3631180pubmed: 23620739google scholar: lookup
  12. Braun-Kiewnick A, Kiewnick S. Real-time PCR, a great tool for fast identification, sensitive detection and quantification of important plant-parasitic nematodes. Eur J Plant Pathol 2018;152:271–83.
    doi: 10.1007/s10658-018-1487-7google scholar: lookup
  13. Sikder MM, Vestergård M, Sapkota R, Kyndt T, Nicolaisen M. Evaluation of metabarcoding primers for analysis of soil nematode communities. Diversity 2020;12(10):388.
    doi: 10.3390/d12100388google scholar: lookup
  14. Holman LE, de Bruyn M, Creer S, Carvalho G, Robidart J, Rius M. Detection of introduced and resident marine species using environmental DNA metabarcoding of sediment and water. Sci Rep 2019;9(1):11559.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47899-7pmc: PMC6689084pubmed: 31399606google scholar: lookup
  15. Redman E, Queiroz C, Bartley DJ, Levy M, Avramenko RW, Gilleard JS. Validation of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome sequencing for ovine gastrointestinal nematodes and its application to a large scale survey of UK sheep farms. Vet Parasitol 2019;275:108933.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108933pubmed: 31606485google scholar: lookup
  16. Scott H, Gilleard J, Jelinski M, Barkema H, Redman E, Avramenko R, Luby C, Kelton D, Bauman C, Keefe G. Prevalence, fecal egg counts, and species identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in replacement dairy heifers in Canada. J Dairy Sci 2019;102(9):8251–63.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-16115pubmed: 31326168google scholar: lookup
  17. Avramenko RW, Bras A, Redman EM, Woodbury MR, Wagner B, Shury T, Liccioli S, Windeyer MC, Gilleard JS. High species diversity of trichostrongyle parasite communities within and between western Canadian commercial and conservation bison herds revealed by nemabiome metabarcoding. Parasites Vectors 2018;11(1):1–13.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2880-ypmc: PMC5952520pubmed: 29764472google scholar: lookup
  18. Bik HM, Porazinska DL, Creer S, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Thomas WK. Sequencing our way towards understanding global eukaryotic biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2012;27(4):233–43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.010pmc: PMC3311718pubmed: 22244672google scholar: lookup
  19. Abbas G, Ghafar A, Beasley A, Stevenson MA, Bauquier J, Koehler AV, Wilkes EJ, McConnell E, El-Hage C, Carrigan P. Understanding temporal and spatial distribution of intestinal nematodes of horses using faecal egg counts and DNA metabarcoding. Vet Parasitol 2024;325:110094.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110094pubmed: 38091893google scholar: lookup
  20. Taberlet P, Coissac E, Pompanon F, Brochmann C, Willerslev E. Towards next-generation biodiversity assessment using DNA metabarcoding. Mol Ecol 2012;21(8):2045–50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05470.xpubmed: 22486824google scholar: lookup
  21. Yu DW, Ji Y, Emerson BC, Wang X, Ye C, Yang C, Ding Z. Biodiversity soup: metabarcoding of arthropods for rapid biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring. Methods Ecol Evol 2012;3(4):613–23.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00198.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Income N, Tongshoob J, Taksinoros S, Adisakwattana P, Rotejanaprasert C, Maneekan P, Kosoltanapiwat N. Helminth Infections in Cattle and goats in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, with Focus on Strongyle Nematode Infections. Vet Sci 2021;8(12):324.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8120324pmc: PMC8709319pubmed: 34941851google scholar: lookup
  23. Jittapalapong S, Sangwaranond A, Nimsuphan B, Inpankaew T, Phasuk C, Pinyopanuwat N, Chimnoi W, Kengradomkij C, Arunwipat P, Anakewith T. Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites of dairy cows in Thailand. Agric Nat Resour 2011;45(1):40–5.
  24. Ratanapob N, Thuamsuwan N, Thongyuan S. Anthelmintic resistance status of goat gastrointestinal nematodes in sing Buri Province, Thailand. Vet World 2022;15(1):83–90.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.83-90pmc: PMC8924396pubmed: 35369591google scholar: lookup
  25. Rerkyusuke S, Lamul P, Thipphayathon C, Kanawan K, Porntrakulpipat S. Caprine Roundworm Nematode Resistance to Macrocyclic lactones in northeastern Thailand: https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS. 2023.044. Veterinary Integr Sci 2023;21(2):623–34.
    doi: 10.12982/VIS.2023.044google scholar: lookup
  26. Jittapalapong S, Saengow S, Pinyopanuwat N, Chimnoi W, Khachaeram W, Stich RW. Gastrointestinal helminthic and protozoal infections of goats in Satun, Thailand. J Trop Med Parasitol 2012;35(2):48–54.
  27. Kaewnoi D, Wiriyaprom R, Indoung S, Ngasaman R. Gastrointestinal parasite infections in fighting bulls in South Thailand. Veterinary World 2020;13(8):1544–1548.
    pmc: PMC7522952pubmed: 33061225
  28. Traub RJ, Inpankaew T, Sutthikornchai C, Sukthana Y, Thompson RA. PCR-based coprodiagnostic tools reveal dogs as reservoirs of zoonotic ancylostomiasis caused by Ancylostoma ceylanicum in temple communities in Bangkok. Vet Parasitol 2008;155(1–2):67–73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.001pubmed: 18556131google scholar: lookup
  29. Khumpool G. Others O-384 a retrospective investigation of co-endoparasitism of dog and cat patients in Nongchok subprovince, Thailand. Sustainable Anim Agric Developing Ctries 2015:795.
  30. Vera JHS, Fachiolli DF, Ramires LM, de Lima Saes I, Yamada PH, Gonçalves JA, de Oliveira K, do Amarante AFT, de Soutello RVG. Eficacy of ivermectin, moxidectin and febendazole in equine in Brazil. 2020;20:100374.
    pubmed: 32448518
  31. Mfitilodze M, Hutchinson G. Development and survival of free-living stages of equine strongyles under laboratory conditions. Vet Parasitol 1987;23(1–2):121–33.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(87)90030-6pubmed: 3564339google scholar: lookup
  32. Avramenko RW, Redman EM, Lewis R, Yazwinski TA, Wasmuth JD, Gilleard JS. Exploring the gastrointestinal nemabiome: deep amplicon sequencing to quantify the species Composition of Parasitic Nematode communities. PLoS ONE 2015;10(12):e0143559.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143559pmc: PMC4668017pubmed: 26630572google scholar: lookup
  33. Gasser RB, Chilton NB, Hoste H, Beveridge I. Rapid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminths. Nucleic Acids Res 1993;21(10):2525–6.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/21.10.2525pmc: PMC309567pubmed: 8506152google scholar: lookup
  34. Callahan BJ, McMurdie P, Rosen M, Han A, Johnson A, Holmes JA. SP. 2016;13(7):581–583.
    pmc: PMC4927377pubmed: 27214047
  35. Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J 2011;17(1):10–2.
    doi: 10.14806/ej.17.1.200google scholar: lookup
  36. Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Holmes SP. Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis. ISME J 2017;11(12):2639–43.
    doi: 10.1038/ismej.2017.119pmc: PMC5702726pubmed: 28731476google scholar: lookup
  37. Workentine ML, Chen R, Zhu S, Gavriliuc S, Shaw N, Rijke J, Redman EM, Avramenko RW, Wit J, Poissant J. A database for ITS2 sequences from nematodes. BMC Genet 2020;21(1):74.
    doi: 10.1186/s12863-020-00880-0pmc: PMC7350610pubmed: 32650716google scholar: lookup
  38. Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 2013;30(4):772–80.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010pmc: PMC3603318pubmed: 23329690google scholar: lookup
  39. Tarbiat B, Jansson DS, Tyden E, Hoglund J. Evaluation of benzimidazole resistance status in Ascaridia galli. Parasitology 2017;144(10):1338–45.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182017000531pubmed: 28514980google scholar: lookup
  40. Trifinopoulos J, Nguyen LT, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2016;44(W1):W232–235.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw256pmc: PMC4987875pubmed: 27084950google scholar: lookup
  41. Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive tree of life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Bioinformatics 2007;23(1):127–8.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529pubmed: 17050570google scholar: lookup
  42. Elghryani N, McOwan T, Mincher C, Duggan V, de Waal T. Estimating the prevalence and factors affecting the shedding of Helminth Eggs in Irish equine populations. Animals 2023;13(4):581.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040581pmc: PMC9951768pubmed: 36830368google scholar: lookup
  43. Hodgkinson JE. Molecular diagnosis and equine parasitology. Vet Parasitol 2006;136(2):109–16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.006pubmed: 16427739google scholar: lookup
  44. Bellaw JL, Nielsen MK. Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975–2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method. Parasit Vectors 2020;13(1):509.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04396-5pmc: PMC7552500pubmed: 33046130google scholar: lookup
  45. Chapman MR, French DD, Klei TR. Gastrointestinal helminths of ponies in Louisiana: a comparison of species currently prevalent with those present 20 years ago. J Parasitol 2002;88(6):1130–4.
    doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1130:GHOPIL]2.0.CO;2pubmed: 12537106google scholar: lookup
  46. Kuzmina TA, Kharchenko VA, Starovir AI, Dvojnos GM. Analysis of the strongylid nematodes (Nematoda: Strongylidae) community after deworming of brood horses in Ukraine. Vet Parasitol 2005;131(3–4):283–90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.010pubmed: 15979240google scholar: lookup
  47. Kaplan R, Nielsen M. An evidence-based approach to equine parasite control: it ain’t the 60s anymore. Equine Veterinary Educ 2010;22(6):306–16.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00084.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  48. Yamaguti S. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 43. Mammalian nematodes, IV. Japanese J Zool 1943;10(3):427–54.
  49. Tang Z, Tang C. Human and animal nematology. Press Sci Beijing 2009:406.
  50. Gao J-F, Liu G-H, Duan H, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Chang Q-C, Fang M, Wang C-R. Complete mitochondrial genomes of Triodontophorus Serratus and Triodontophorus Nipponicus, and their comparison with Triodontophorus brevicauda. Exp Parasitol 2017;181:88–93.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.08.002pubmed: 28803904google scholar: lookup
  51. Dvoĭnos G, Kharchenko V. Data on the fauna and systematics of Triodontophorus (Nematoda, Strongylidae). Vestnik Zoologii 1985(2):10–6.
  52. Lyons ET, Kuzmina TA, Tolliver SC, Collins SS. Observations on development of natural infection and species composition of small strongyles in young equids in Kentucky. Parasitol Res 2011;109(6):1529–35.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2460-ypubmed: 21614543google scholar: lookup
  53. Scala A, Tamponi C, Sanna G, Predieri G, Dessi G, Sedda G, Buono F, Cappai MG, Veneziano V, Varcasia A. Gastrointestinal Strongyles Egg Excretion in relation to age, gender, and management of horses in Italy. Anim (Basel) 2020;10(12):2283.
    pmc: PMC7761647pubmed: 33287298
  54. Schneider S, Pfister K, Becher AM, Scheuerle MC. Strongyle infections and parasitic control strategies in German horses—a risk assessment. BMC Vet Res 2014;10(1):1–9.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0262-zpmc: PMC4232665pubmed: 25387542google scholar: lookup
  55. Nielsen M, Vidyashankar A, Olsen S, Monrad J, Thamsborg S. Strongylus vulgaris associated with usage of selective therapy on Danish horse farms—Is it reemerging?. Vet Parasitol 2012;189(2–4):260–6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.039pubmed: 22703964google scholar: lookup
  56. Beaumelle C, Redman EM, de Rijke J, Wit J, Benabed S, Debias F, Duhayer J, Pardonnet S, Poirel M-T, Capron G. Metabarcoding in two isolated populations of wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) reveals variation in gastrointestinal nematode community composition between regions and among age classes. Parasites Vectors 2021;14:1–13.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05087-5pmc: PMC8642965pubmed: 34863264google scholar: lookup
  57. Traversa D, Kuzmina T, Kharchenko VA, Iorio R, Klei TR, Otranto D. Haplotypic variability within the mitochondrial gene encoding for the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) of Cylicocyclus Nassatus (Nematoda, Strongylida): evidence for an affiliation between parasitic populations and domestic and wild equid hosts. Vet Parasitol 2008;156(3–4):241–7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.031pubmed: 18619736google scholar: lookup
  58. Johnson AM, Baverstock PR. Rapid ribosomal RNA sequencing and the phylogenetic analysis of protists. Parasitol Today 1989;5(4):102–5.
    doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(89)90046-Xpubmed: 15463187google scholar: lookup
  59. Hung G-C, Chilton N, Beveridge I, Zhu X, Lichtenfels J, Gasser R. Molecular evidence for cryptic species within Cylicostephanus Minutus (Nematoda: Strongylidae). Int J Parasitol 1999;29(2):285–91.
    doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00203-3pubmed: 10221629google scholar: lookup
  60. Louro M, Kuzmina TA, Bredtmann CM, Diekmann I, de Carvalho LMM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krucken J. Genetic variability, cryptic species and phylogenetic relationship of six cyathostomin species based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):8245.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87500-8pmc: PMC8050097pubmed: 33859247google scholar: lookup
  61. Pafco B, Cizkova D, Kreisinger J, Hasegawa H, Vallo P, Shutt K, Todd A, Petrzelkova KJ, Modry D. Metabarcoding analysis of strongylid nematode diversity in two sympatric primate species. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):5933.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24126-3pmc: PMC5897349pubmed: 29651122google scholar: lookup
  62. Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Fritzen B, Demeler J, Schürmann S, Rohn K, Schnieder T, Epe C. Cases of reduced cyathostomin egg-reappearance period and failure of Parascaris Equorum egg count reduction following ivermectin treatment as well as survey on pyrantel efficacy on German horse farms. Vet Parasitol 2007;144(1–2):74–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.036pubmed: 17112667google scholar: lookup
  63. Maina LG, Maingi N, Waruiru RM, Gakuya F, Kanduma EG. Molecular studies of Gastrointestinal Strongyle nematodes in Migratory, Resident, and Sedentary Plains Zebras (Equus quagga) in Kenya: gastrointestinal strongyle nematodes in Zebras. Int J Equine Sci 2023;2(1):47–55.

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Hao Y, Xia Y, Ma L, Hao Z, Li B, Bu Y. The mitochondrial genome characteristics of Coronocyclus coronatus (Looss, 1900) and comparative analysis with other strongylid nematodes. Parasitol Res 2026 Mar 10;125(1).
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-026-08633-1pubmed: 41803334google scholar: lookup
  2. Rompo T, Hayashi N, Hoketsu T, Teo E, Nonaka N, Namboopha B, Singhla T, Buddhasiri S, Misawa N, Nakao R, Tiwananthagorn S. Effectiveness of eprinomectin, albendazole and their combination therapy against strongyle nematode in dairy goats: A clinical field study using nemabiome-integrated approach in Thailand. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2026;9:100345.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2026.100345pubmed: 41560761google scholar: lookup
  3. Abbas G, Nielsen MK, E-Hage C, Ghafar A, Beveridge I, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Wilkes EJA, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Recent advances in intestinal helminth parasites of horses in the Asia-Pacific region: Current trends, challenges and future directions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2025 Dec;29:100622.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2025.100622pubmed: 41135277google scholar: lookup
  4. Wang T, Chen X, Yan X, Su Y, Gao W, Liu C, Wang W. Progress in serology and molecular biology of equine parasite diagnosis: sustainable control strategies. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1663577.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1663577pubmed: 40979365google scholar: lookup
  5. Cheptoo S, Yalcindag E, González Gordon L, Rukwaro B, Kimatu JS, Wasonga J, Karani BE, Ndambuki G, Migeni S, Kagai J, Kiprotich LE, Saya N, Vasoya D, Nangekhe G, Onguso J, Mungai G, Bronsvoort BM, Cook EAJ. Species diversity and risk factors of gastrointestinal nematodes in smallholder dairy calves in Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1588350.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1588350pubmed: 40874203google scholar: lookup
  6. Bull KE, Hodgkinson J, Allen K, Poissant J, Peachey LE. Quantitative DNA metabarcoding reveals species composition of a macrocyclic lactone and pyrantel resistant cyathostomin population in the UK. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2025 Apr;27:100576.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100576pubmed: 39778419google scholar: lookup
  7. Hamad MH, Jitsamai W, Chinkangsadarn T, Ngangam TS, Wattanapornpilom T, Naraporn D, Ouisuwan S, Taweethavonsawat P. Prevalence, risk factors, and species diversity of strongylid nematodes in domesticated Thai horses: insights from ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding. Parasitol Res 2024 Dec 17;123(12):410.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-024-08438-0pubmed: 39688721google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,970 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.