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Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Modelling Mutation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infecti...
Viruses2021; 13(12); 2450; doi: 10.3390/v13122450

Modelling Mutation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection Suggests a Path to Viral Clearance with Repeated Vaccination.

Abstract: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus similar to HIV that infects horses. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrating immune control of EIAV infection hold promise for efforts to produce an HIV vaccine. Antibody infusions have been shown to block both wild-type and mutant virus infection, but the mutant sometimes escapes. Using these data, we develop a mathematical model that describes the interactions between antibodies and both wild-type and mutant virus populations, in the context of continual virus mutation. The aim of this work is to determine whether repeated vaccinations through antibody infusions can reduce both the wild-type and mutant strains of the virus below one viral particle, and if so, to examine the vaccination period and number of infusions that ensure eradication. The antibody infusions are modelled using impulsive differential equations, a technique that offers insight into repeated vaccination by approximating the time-to-peak by an instantaneous change. We use impulsive theory to determine the maximal vaccination intervals that would be required to reduce the wild-type and mutant virus levels below one particle per horse. We show that seven boosts of the antibody vaccine are sufficient to eradicate both the wild-type and the mutant strains. In the case of a mutant virus infection that is given infusions of antibodies targeting wild-type virus (i.e., simulation of a heterologous infection), seven infusions were likewise sufficient to eradicate infection, based upon the data set. However, if the period between infusions was sufficiently increased, both the wild-type and mutant virus would eventually persist in the form of a periodic orbit. These results suggest a route forward to design antibody-based vaccine strategies to control viruses subject to mutant escape.
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Publication Date: 2021-12-06 PubMed ID: 34960718PubMed Central: PMC8706554DOI: 10.3390/v13122450Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses a study where a mathematical model was developed to explore the potential of repeated antibody infusions, as a form of vaccination, to eradicate Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) in horses, including both its wild-type and mutant strains.

Understanding the Research

  • The study is focused on Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), a lentivirus much like HIV, however, it specifically infects horses. The understanding and treatment of EIAV is significant because it could potentially inform HIV vaccine research.
  • The researchers utilize clinical and experimental data which showed that antibodies infusion could block both the wild-type (original) and mutant (variant) strains of the virus. However, in some instances, the mutant virus was able to escape.
  • Building on these findings, the authors created a mathematical model which simulated the interactions between the antibodies and the different strains of the virus, taking into account the ongoing mutation of the virus.

The Modelling Technique

  • The mathematical model used for this study employs impulsive differential equations, a method that allows for the visualization of changes over time in response to individual, instantaneous changes such as the time-to-peak.
  • The use of this technique to model antibody infusions is unique because it offered insights into how repeated vaccinations might affect the virus populations.

Findings and Implications

  • Using this modelling technique, the authors estimated the maximum duration between vaccinations that would be necessary to bring both the wild-type and mutant strains of the virus down to less than one particle per horse.
  • The model suggested that seven repeats of the antibody-based vaccine would suffice to eradicate not only the wild-type but also the mutant strains of the virus.
  • The model also noted that if the vaccination intervals were increased significantly, both the wild-type and mutant viruses could persist in a periodic orbit, which implies the inability to totally eradicate the disease.
  • The data implies that the repeat vaccinations with antibodies could offer a promising pathway to control mutant-escaping viruses, a strategic approach that could be useful for diseases similar to EIAV, such as HIV.

Cite This Article

APA
Schwartz EJ, Costris-Vas C, Smith SR. (2021). Modelling Mutation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection Suggests a Path to Viral Clearance with Repeated Vaccination. Viruses, 13(12), 2450. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122450

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 12
PII: 2450

Researcher Affiliations

Schwartz, Elissa J
  • Department of Mathematics & Statistics, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
Costris-Vas, Christian
  • Department of Mathematics, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
Smith, Stacey R
  • Department of Mathematics and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / administration & dosage
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies / administration & dosage
  • Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies / immunology
  • Equine Infectious Anemia / therapy
  • Equine Infectious Anemia / virology
  • Horses
  • Immunization, Passive
  • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
  • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
  • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / physiology
  • Models, Biological
  • Mutation
  • Viral Load

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Hull-Nye D, Meadows T, Smith SR, Schwartz EJ. Key Factors and Parameter Ranges for Immune Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection.. Viruses 2023 Mar 6;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/v15030691pubmed: 36992401google scholar: lookup
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