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Home / Equine Research Bank / Can J Vet Res / Modification of cardiopulmonary and intestinal motility effe...
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire1997; 61(2); 99-107;

Modification of cardiopulmonary and intestinal motility effects of xylazine with glycopyrrolate in horses.

Abstract: Xylazine (XYL) administration in horses is accompanied by significant cardiovascular depression characterized by a 25-35% decrease in cardiac output (CO) which is likely to compromise tissue oxygen delivery (DO2), and usually vagally mediated bradycardia is an important cause of this reduced cardiovascular performance. To examine the possible benefit of preventing the bradycardiac response, 6 healthy horses were treated with intravenous (IV) saline (SAL) or 2.5 micrograms/kg glycopyrrolate (GLY) in a blinded, randomized, crossover trial. Fifteen minutes later, 1 mg/kg XYL was administered IV and systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures (SBP, DBP, and MBP, respectively), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary artery pressure, heart rate (HR), CO, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured at the following times: baseline, 2, 5, and 10 min post-SAL or GLY; and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min post-XYL. Determination of cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), left ventricular work, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), DO2, oxygen uptake, and oxygen extraction ratio were made at the same time. Gastrointestinal (GI) motility was evaluated by four-quadrant auscultation for 24 h post-XYL. Statistical analysis of continuous variables was carried out using ANOVA for repeated measures and Wilcoxon's rank-sum test for non-parametric data. In GLY treated horses, HR, SBP, MBP, DBP, CI, DO2 and mixed venous oxygen tension were significantly higher up to 30 min after XYL (P < or = 0.02) while CVP and SI were significantly lower 2 and 5 min post-XYL, respectively. In both groups, GI motility as assessed by auscultation was virtually abolished for an hour, with a non-significant tendency for the decrease in motility to last longer in the GLY/XYL group. None of the treated horses developed abdominal discomfort. No significant difference was observed in the other variables. The study shows that 2.5 micrograms/kg GLY premedication reduces the cardiovascular depression caused by 1 mg/kg XYL, without adversely affecting GI motility.
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Publication Date: 1997-04-01 PubMed ID: 9114960PubMed Central: PMC1189385
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  • Clinical Trial
  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the effects of xylazine in horses and how it might be countered using glycopyrrolate; the experiment finds that glycopyrrolate can effectively mitigate cardiovascular depression caused by xylazine, without significantly affecting intestinal motility.

Understanding the Study

  • The study aimed to understand the impact of xylazine (XYL), a drug commonly used on horses that is known to significantly depress cardiovascular function and decrease cardiac output by 25-35%. This reduction could negatively affect tissue oxygen delivery.
  • To counter the side effects, it investigated whether administering 2.5 micrograms/kg of glycopyrrolate (GLY), a medication that typically increases heart rate, could be beneficial.
  • Six healthy horses were subjected to a blinded, randomized, crossover trial. They were treated with either an intravenous (IV) saline (SAL) solution or 2.5 micrograms/kg GLY. After 15 minutes, 1 mg/kg XYL was administered via an IV.

Ongoing Measurements During the Study

  • The researchers measured various physiological parameters such as blood pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and the conditions of arterial and mixed venous blood gases. These readings were measured at certain intervals after administering the SAL or GLY, and also after administering the XYL.
  • The researchers determined various indices of heart and cardiovascular function and monitored oxygen uptake and gastrointestinal (GI) motility for 24 hours following the administration of XYL. This latter assessment was conducted through four-quadrant auscultation, a technique for listening to internal body sounds.

Study Findings

  • In horses treated with GLY, the heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac index (indicator of heart function), tissue oxygen delivery, and mixed venous oxygen tension, were markedly higher for up to 30 minutes post XYL administration. In contrast, central venous pressure and stroke index (another heart function measure) were significantly lower at 2 and 5 minutes post-XYL, respectively.
  • GI motility in both groups was almost completely halted for an hour, with a tendency for decreased motility to persist longer in the GLY/XYL group, although this was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

  • The researchers concluded that administering 2.5 micrograms/kg GLY before XYL can reduce the cardiovascular depression typically caused by 1 mg/kg XYL, without causing significant changes to GI motility.

Cite This Article

APA
Singh S, Young SS, McDonell WN, O'Grady M. (1997). Modification of cardiopulmonary and intestinal motility effects of xylazine with glycopyrrolate in horses. Can J Vet Res, 61(2), 99-107.

Publication

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire
ISSN: 0830-9000
NlmUniqueID: 8607793
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 61
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-107

Researcher Affiliations

Singh, S
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada.
Young, S S
    McDonell, W N
      O'Grady, M

        MeSH Terms

        • Adjuvants, Anesthesia / administration & dosage
        • Adjuvants, Anesthesia / pharmacology
        • Analysis of Variance
        • Anesthetics / administration & dosage
        • Anesthetics / pharmacology
        • Animals
        • Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
        • Blood Pressure / drug effects
        • Blood Pressure / physiology
        • Cardiac Output / drug effects
        • Cardiac Output / physiology
        • Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena
        • Cardiovascular System / drug effects
        • Cross-Over Studies
        • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
        • Double-Blind Method
        • Female
        • Gastrointestinal Motility / drug effects
        • Gastrointestinal Motility / physiology
        • Glycopyrrolate / administration & dosage
        • Glycopyrrolate / pharmacology
        • Heart Rate / drug effects
        • Heart Rate / physiology
        • Horses / physiology
        • Injections, Intravenous / veterinary
        • Male
        • Oxygen Consumption / drug effects
        • Oxygen Consumption / physiology
        • Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
        • Respiratory System / drug effects
        • Vascular Resistance / drug effects
        • Vascular Resistance / physiology
        • Xylazine / administration & dosage
        • Xylazine / pharmacology

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