FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Mol Biol Rep / Molecular characterization of glycogen synthase 1 and its ti...
Molecular biology reports2010; 38(1); 461-469; doi: 10.1007/s11033-010-0129-8

Molecular characterization of glycogen synthase 1 and its tissue expression profile with type II hexokinase and muscle-type phosphofructokinase in horses.

Abstract: Muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis, and its activity is regulated by the phosphorylation states of certain amino acid residues encoded by the GYS1 gene. In the present study, the authors molecularly characterized the full-length equine GYS1 (eGYS1) cDNA and found that it contains a less common polyadenylation signal (AATACA). An amino acid alignment with other mammalian GYS1 showed that the phosphorylation sites in eGYS1 are completely conserved. Genomic DNA analysis revealed that the equine-specific substitutions (Glu 16 Asp and Ala 252 Thr) were completely conserved among six equine species. The tissue expression profiles of eGYS1, equine type II hexokinase (eHKII) and muscle-type phosphofructokinase (ePFKM) were determined by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The mRNA expression level of eGYS1 was significantly higher in the cervical muscle as compared to other tissues. The cervical muscle and heart tissue samples contained a broad range of eGYS1 protein bands that appeared to reflect multiple phosphorylation states. eHKII was predominately expressed only in the cervical muscle; unlike its expression in other mammals, eHKII was not substantially expressed in the insulin-responsive heart or adipose tissue of horse. The expression level of ePFKM mRNA was significantly higher in the heart than in the cervical muscle, which differs from the PFKM expression pattern of other mammals. These tissue expression profiles are fundamental for the understanding of equine glucose metabolism.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2010-04-11 PubMed ID: 20383748DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0129-8Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article talks about the molecular characterization of a specific gene called glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) in horses. The research identifies the way this gene behaves and its importance in understanding the metabolism of glucose in equine species.

Understanding the Role of eGYS1

  • The research looks at the full-length cGYS1, identifying how it behaves in different ways. Molecularly, the gene contains a less common polyadenylation signal (AATACA).
  • The eGYS1 gene is found to be conserved or similar in structure across different mammalian species. The study identifies that the phosphorylation sites in eGYS1 are completely conserved.
  • The research also analyzes the DNA of this gene. The equine-specific substitutions (Glu 16 Asp and Ala 252 Thr) were found to be completely unchanged across six equine species.

Tissue Expression Profiles of eGYS1, eHKII, and ePFKM

  • The team determined the tissue expression profiles of eGYS1 alongside equine type II hexokinase (eHKII) and muscle-type phosphofructokinase (ePFKM) through the use of real-time PCR and western blot analysis.
  • eGYS1 mRNA’s expression rate was significantly higher in the cervical muscle compared to other tissues, indicating its relevance to equine muscle functionality.
  • eHKII, on the other hand, was predominantly expressed in the cervical muscle. This divergence from other mammals, where eHKII is substantially expressed in insulin-responsive heart or adipose tissue, highlights unique aspects of equine biology.
  • ePFKM mRNA’s expression rate differed depending on the tissue. Despite being higher in the heart than in the cervical muscle, the ePFKM mRNA expression pattern manifested in horses in contrast to what is typically observed in other mammals.

Significance of the Findings

  • This research provides important insight into equine glucose metabolism, a crucial factor in understanding equine health and muscle performance.
  • Understanding the molecular characterization and tissue expression profiles of eGYS1, eHKII, and ePFKM allows for better comparison across species and may help to improve veterinary treatments and performance-related practices in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Echigoya Y, Okabe H, Itou T, Endo H, Sakai T. (2010). Molecular characterization of glycogen synthase 1 and its tissue expression profile with type II hexokinase and muscle-type phosphofructokinase in horses. Mol Biol Rep, 38(1), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0129-8

Publication

Molecular biology reports
ISSN: 1573-4978
NlmUniqueID: 0403234
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 461-469

Researcher Affiliations

Echigoya, Yusuke
  • Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan.
Okabe, Hirotarou
    Itou, Takuya
      Endo, Hideki
        Sakai, Takeo

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Blotting, Western
          • Breeding
          • Exons / genetics
          • Gene Expression Profiling
          • Gene Expression Regulation
          • Genome / genetics
          • Glycogen Synthase / genetics
          • Glycogen Synthase / metabolism
          • Hexokinase / genetics
          • Hexokinase / metabolism
          • Horses / genetics
          • Organ Specificity / genetics
          • Phosphofructokinase-1, Muscle Type / genetics
          • Phosphofructokinase-1, Muscle Type / metabolism
          • RNA, Messenger / genetics
          • RNA, Messenger / metabolism
          • Sequence Analysis, DNA
          • Species Specificity

          References

          This article includes 37 references
          1. Sato T, Itou T, Sakai T. Molecular cloning of equine muscle-type phosphofructokinase cDNA.. J Vet Med Sci 2003 May;65(5):645-8.
            pubmed: 12808221doi: 10.1292/jvms.65.645google scholar: lookup
          2. Cole C, Barber JD, Barton GJ. The Jpred 3 secondary structure prediction server.. Nucleic Acids Res 2008 Jul 1;36(Web Server issue):W197-201.
            pubmed: 18463136doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn238google scholar: lookup
          3. Mignone F, Gissi C, Liuni S, Pesole G. Untranslated regions of mRNAs.. Genome Biol 2002;3(3):REVIEWS0004.
            pubmed: 11897027doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-3-reviews0004google scholar: lookup
          4. Kuma Y, Campbell DG, Cuenda A. Identification of glycogen synthase as a new substrate for stress-activated protein kinase 2b/p38beta.. Biochem J 2004 Apr 1;379(Pt 1):133-9.
            pubmed: 14680475doi: 10.1042/BJ20031559google scholar: lookup
          5. Kaslow HR, Lesikar DD, Antwi D, Tan AW. L-type glycogen synthase. Tissue distribution and electrophoretic mobility.. J Biol Chem 1985 Aug 25;260(18):9953-6.
            pubmed: 3926776
          6. Lai YC, Stuenaes JT, Kuo CH, Jensen J. Glycogen content and contraction regulate glycogen synthase phosphorylation and affinity for UDP-glucose in rat skeletal muscles.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007 Dec;293(6):E1622-9.
            pubmed: 17878227doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00113.2007google scholar: lookup
          7. Browner MF, Nakano K, Bang AG, Fletterick RJ. Human muscle glycogen synthase cDNA sequence: a negatively charged protein with an asymmetric charge distribution.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Mar;86(5):1443-7.
            pubmed: 2493642doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1443google scholar: lookup
          8. González-Alvarez R, Ortega-Cuellar D, Hernández-Mendoza A, Moreno-Arriola E, Villaseñor-Mendoza K, Gálvez-Mariscal A, Pérez-Cruz ME, Morales-Salas I, Velázquez-Arellano A. The hexokinase gene family in the zebrafish: structure, expression, functional and phylogenetic analysis.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009 Feb;152(2):189-95.
            pubmed: 19087890doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.11.004google scholar: lookup
          9. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Lucio M, Mickelson JR. Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation in diverse breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Sep-Oct;22(5):1228-33.
            pubmed: 18691366doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0167.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          10. Horcajada C, Guinovart JJ, Fita I, Ferrer JC. Crystal structure of an archaeal glycogen synthase: insights into oligomerization and substrate binding of eukaryotic glycogen synthases.. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 3;281(5):2923-31.
            pubmed: 16319074doi: 10.1074/jbc.M507394200google scholar: lookup
          11. Karlström K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A. Fibre type distribution, capillarization and enzymatic profile of locomotor and nonlocomotor muscles of horses and steers.. Acta Anat (Basel) 1994;151(2):97-106.
            pubmed: 7701935doi: 10.1159/000147649google scholar: lookup
          12. Zhang WM, Browner MF, Fletterick RJ, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase deduced from cDNA clones.. FASEB J 1989 Nov;3(13):2532-6.
            pubmed: 2509275doi: 10.1096/fasebj.3.13.2509275google scholar: lookup
          13. Zuo B, Xiong YZ, Deng CY, Su YH, Wang J, Lei MG, Li FE, Jiang SW, Zheng R. Polymorphism, linkage mapping and expression pattern of the porcine skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) gene.. Anim Genet 2005 Jun;36(3):254-7.
            pubmed: 15932409doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01286.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          14. Lacombe VA, Hinchcliff KW, Kohn CW, Devor ST, Taylor LE. Effects of feeding meals with various soluble-carbohydrate content on muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2004 Jul;65(7):916-23.
            pubmed: 15281649doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.916google scholar: lookup
          15. Echigoya Y, Sato T, Itou T, Endo H, Sakai T. Molecular characterization and expression of the equine M(1) and M(2)-pyruvate kinase gene.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008 Sep;151(1):125-32.
            pubmed: 18602015doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.06.006google scholar: lookup
          16. Roach PJ. Glycogen and its metabolism.. Curr Mol Med 2002 Mar;2(2):101-20.
            pubmed: 11949930doi: 10.2174/1566524024605761google scholar: lookup
          17. Richard AM, Webb DL, Goodman JM, Schultz V, Flanagan JN, Getty-Kaushik L, Deeney JT, Yaney GC, Dunaway GA, Berggren PO, Tornheim K. Tissue-dependent loss of phosphofructokinase-M in mice with interrupted activity of the distal promoter: impairment in insulin secretion.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007 Sep;293(3):E794-801.
            pubmed: 17595219doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00168.2007google scholar: lookup
          18. Plomgaard P, Penkowa M, Leick L, Pedersen BK, Saltin B, Pilegaard H. The mRNA expression profile of metabolic genes relative to MHC isoform pattern in human skeletal muscles.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006 Sep;101(3):817-25.
            pubmed: 16794029doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00183.2006google scholar: lookup
          19. Hanashiro I, Roach PJ. Mutations of muscle glycogen synthase that disable activation by glucose 6-phosphate.. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002 Jan 15;397(2):286-92.
            pubmed: 11795884doi: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2623google scholar: lookup
          20. Jensen J, Lai YC. Regulation of muscle glycogen synthase phosphorylation and kinetic properties by insulin, exercise, adrenaline and role in insulin resistance.. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009 Feb;115(1):13-21.
            pubmed: 19267278doi: 10.1080/13813450902778171google scholar: lookup
          21. Retelska D, Iseli C, Bucher P, Jongeneel CV, Naef F. Similarities and differences of polyadenylation signals in human and fly.. BMC Genomics 2006 Jul 12;7:176.
            pubmed: 16836751doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-176google scholar: lookup
          22. Sato T, Itou T, Sato G, Kobayashi Y, Endo H, Sakai T. Sequencing of cDNA and proximal promoter of equine hexokinase II gene.. DNA Seq 2007 Jun;18(3):203-8.
            pubmed: 17454005doi: 10.1080/10425170601136648google scholar: lookup
          23. Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Sams RA. beta-adrenergic blockade augments glucose utilization in horses during graded exercise.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000 Sep;89(3):1086-98.
            pubmed: 10956355doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1086google scholar: lookup
          24. Serrano AL, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL. Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining.. Pflugers Arch 2000 Dec;441(2-3):263-74.
            pubmed: 11211112doi: 10.1007/s004240000408google scholar: lookup
          25. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Miller MB, Wade C, DiMauro S, Akman HO, Mickelson JR. Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis.. Genomics 2008 May;91(5):458-66.
            pubmed: 18358695doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.01.011google scholar: lookup
          26. Kaslow HR, Lesikar DD. Isozymes of glycogen synthase.. FEBS Lett 1984 Jul 9;172(2):294-8.
            pubmed: 6430719doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81144-8google scholar: lookup
          27. Vestergaard H. Studies of gene expression and activity of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase in human skeletal muscle in states of altered insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism.. Dan Med Bull 1999 Feb;46(1):13-34.
            pubmed: 10081651
          28. Hyyppä S, Räsänen LA, Pösö AR. Resynthesis of glycogen in skeletal muscle from standardbred trotters after repeated bouts of exercise.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Feb;58(2):162-6.
            pubmed: 9028482
          29. Heikkinen S, Suppola S, Malkki M, Deeb SS, Jänne J, Laakso M. Mouse hexokinase II gene: structure, cDNA, promoter analysis, and expression pattern.. Mamm Genome 2000 Feb;11(2):91-6.
            pubmed: 10656921doi: 10.1007/s003350010019google scholar: lookup
          30. Vogt C, Ardehali H, Iozzo P, Yki-Järvinen H, Koval J, Maezono K, Pendergrass M, Printz R, Granner D, DeFronzo R, Mandarino L. Regulation of hexokinase II expression in human skeletal muscle in vivo.. Metabolism 2000 Jun;49(6):814-8.
            pubmed: 10877213doi: 10.1053/meta.2000.6245google scholar: lookup
          31. Pratt SE, Geor RJ, Spriet LL, McCutcheon LJ. Time course of insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity after a single bout of exercise in horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007 Sep;103(3):1063-9.
            pubmed: 17585040doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01349.2006google scholar: lookup
          32. Echigoya Y, Sato T, Itou T, Endo H, Sakai T. Molecular characterization and expression pattern of the equine lactate dehydrogenase A and B genes.. Gene 2009 Nov 1;447(1):40-50.
            pubmed: 19647052doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.07.017google scholar: lookup
          33. Jensen J, Jebens E, Brennesvik EO, Ruzzin J, Soos MA, Engebretsen EM, O'Rahilly S, Whitehead JP. Muscle glycogen inharmoniously regulates glycogen synthase activity, glucose uptake, and proximal insulin signaling.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006 Jan;290(1):E154-E162.
            pubmed: 16118249doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2005google scholar: lookup
          34. Printz RL, Koch S, Potter LR, O'Doherty RM, Tiesinga JJ, Moritz S, Granner DK. Hexokinase II mRNA and gene structure, regulation by insulin, and evolution.. J Biol Chem 1993 Mar 5;268(7):5209-19.
            pubmed: 8444897
          35. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.. Nucleic Acids Res 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80.
            pubmed: 7984417doi: 10.1093/nar/22.22.4673google scholar: lookup
          36. Dunaway GA, Kasten TP. Nature of the subunits of the 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase isoenzymes from rat tissues.. Biochem J 1987 Mar 15;242(3):667-71.
            pubmed: 2954542doi: 10.1042/bj2420667google scholar: lookup
          37. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Pratt SE, Martineau E, Ho K. Effects of prior exercise on components of insulin signalling in equine skeletal muscle.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):330-4.
            pubmed: 17402442doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05563.xgoogle scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 0 times.
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.