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Parasitology research2020; 119(9); 2955-2963; doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-06797-y

Molecular detection of Theileria species and Babesia caballi from horses in Nigeria.

Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an infectious, tick-borne disease caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites, Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and a recently reported new species, T. haneyi. Infections by these apicomplexan parasites limit performance and cause economic losses for the horse industry. Equine piroplasmosis is widespread in the northern regions of Nigeria, where an increasing portion of the animal population is composed of horses. This disease has remained epidemiologically challenging, especially as the movement of horses increases across Nigeria. In this study, blood samples from 300 horses were collected in three states of northwestern Nigeria. The presence of piroplasms was screened by nested PCR targeting 18S rDNA and positive samples were analyzed using species-specific-nested PCR-targeting genes including ema1 (T. equi), rap1 (B. caballi), and a gene coding a protein of unknown function (T. haneyi). Species-specific-nPCR results demonstrated that the prevalence of T. equi was 13.0% (39/300), B. caballi was 3.3% (10/300) and T. haneyi was 2.7% (8/300). Mixed infections with T. equi and B. caballi was 2.7% (8/300) while T. equi, B. caballi, and T. haneyi multiple infection prevalence was 0.6% (2/300). We used 18S rDNA sequences to determine close relationships between T. equi by phylogenetic analysis and demonstrated that among 57 sequences of Theileria parasites, 28 samples belonged to clade A (49%), 13 samples were found to be clade C (22%), and 16 were clade D (28%). These results demonstrate the genetic diversity of T. equi circulating in horses from Nigeria.
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Publication Date: 2020-07-10 PubMed ID: 32647992PubMed Central: PMC7431391DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06797-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study focuses on analyzing blood samples from horses in Nigeria to detect the presence of equine piroplasmosis (EP), a disease caused by certain parasites that severely impact the performance and economy of the horse industry. The researchers have used specific techniques to identify this disease in horses and understood the prevalence and genetic diversity of the causal parasites.

Research Methodology

  • The research was conducted on 300 horses from three states of Northwestern Nigeria. The area has a high number of horses and a noted prevalence of equine piroplasmosis, a disease hampering the local horse industry.
  • Blood samples were collected from each horse and subjected to a specific technique named nested PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), targeting the 18S rDNA. This technique allows the researchers to amplify and identify the DNA of Theileria and Babesia species, the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis.
  • The positive samples were further analyzed through species-specific-nested-PCR aiming at different genes of these parasites, including ema1 (T. equi), rap1 (B. caballi), and an unknown protein-coding gene (T. haneyi).

Key Findings

  • The researchers found a significant presence of these parasites among the tested horse population. T. equi, B. caballi, and T. haneyi had a prevalence rate of 13.0%, 3.3%, and 2.7% respectively.
  • Notably, some horses were infected with more than one parasite. Mixed infections with T. equi and B. caballi occurred in 2.7% of the samples. Infestations with all three parasites – T. equi, B. caballi, and T. haneyi – were found in two samples, accounting for 0.6% of the population.
  • Further examination was done on the DNA of T. equi. By sequencing the 18S rDNA of this parasite and performing a phylogenetic analysis, the researchers observed genetic diversity among this species, divided into three different clades – A, C, and D.
  • Among the 57 sequences of Theileria parasites they isolated, 28 belonged to clade A (49%), 13 samples were placed in clade C (22%), and 16 belonged to clade D (28%).

Conclusions

  • This research reveals the prevalence and the genetic diversity of the horse disease causative parasites in Nigeria. T. equi, B. caballi, and T. haneyi are prevalent in the local horse population with varying degrees of mixed infections.
  • The genetic diversity findings of T. equi speculate the parasite’s evolution and adaption influencing the severity and course of equine piroplasmosis.
  • This study provides a significant understanding of the disease’s local status, promoting more effective strategies for disease control and prevention.

Cite This Article

APA
Mshelia PW, Kappmeyer L, Johnson WC, Kudi CA, Oluyinka OO, Balogun EO, Richard EE, Onoja E, Sears KP, Ueti MW. (2020). Molecular detection of Theileria species and Babesia caballi from horses in Nigeria. Parasitol Res, 119(9), 2955-2963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06797-y

Publication

Parasitology research
ISSN: 1432-1955
NlmUniqueID: 8703571
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 119
Issue: 9
Pages: 2955-2963

Researcher Affiliations

Mshelia, Philip W
  • Program in Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, 810107, Nigeria.
Kappmeyer, Lowell
  • Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA.
Johnson, Wendell C
  • Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA.
Kudi, Caleb A
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, 810107, Nigeria.
Oluyinka, Okubanjo O
  • Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Balogun, Emmanuel O
  • Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, 810107, Nigeria.
Richard, Edeh E
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Onoja, Emmanuel
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, 810107, Nigeria.
Sears, Kelly P
  • Program in Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA.
Ueti, Massaro W
  • Program in Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA. massaro@vetmed.wsu.edu.
  • Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA. massaro@vetmed.wsu.edu.
  • The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-70403, USA. massaro@vetmed.wsu.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Babesia / genetics
  • Babesia / isolation & purification
  • Babesiosis / diagnosis
  • Babesiosis / epidemiology
  • Babesiosis / parasitology
  • Cattle
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses / parasitology
  • Nigeria / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / genetics
  • Theileria / genetics
  • Theileria / isolation & purification
  • Theileriasis / diagnosis
  • Theileriasis / epidemiology
  • Theileriasis / parasitology
  • Tick-Borne Diseases / epidemiology

Grant Funding

  • 2090-32000-039-00D / Agricultural Research Service

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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