Molecular diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance.
Abstract: Conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction-based tests have been developed for the diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in populations of several small and large ruminant as well as horse gastro-intestinal nematode species. To date, molecular markers that correlate well with AR are available only for the detection of benzimidazole resistance. Recently, however, a single nucleotide polymorphism was found in vitro to be of functional relevance for reduced drug efficacy to macrocylic lactones. The focus of the present review, therefore, is the molecular mechanism of action of these two drug classes and potential applications of this knowledge to the diagnosis of AR. It is argued that a prerequisite for future molecular diagnosis will be tests providing reliable and exact quantification of resistance related alleles in DNA extracted from representative pools of parasites.
Publication Date: 2006-01-18 PubMed ID: 16417968DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.005Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Review
Summary
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This research is about developing new diagnostic tests using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identifying anthelmintic resistance, with focus on two particular drug classes – benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactones.
Molecular Diagnosis of Anthelmintic Resistance
The article discusses research about the development of novel diagnostic tests for the detection of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in populations of small and large ruminant as well as horse gastrointestinal nematode species. The researchers employ conventional and real-time PCR-based tests, as these offer a molecular approach for detecting AR.
- In the study, the researchers specifically draw attention to molecular markers that are associated with AR, and it seems these are only detected for benzimidazole resistance currently. Molecular markers are genetic sequences that can be used to identify a specific trait or condition, such as anthelmintic resistance in this context.
- Interestingly, they also discovered a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a change in a single base pair in a DNA sequence, that appears to be functionally significant for reduced drug efficacy (i.e., causing drug resistance) to macrocyclic lactones. This provides an additional molecular marker when examining resistance in parasite populations.
Implications and Future Work
The researchers propose that the understanding and knowledge gained from the molecular mechanisms of action of these two drug classes could be applied to the diagnosis of AR.
- They assert that future molecular diagnosis will require tests that can give not only reliable, but also exact quantification of resistance-related alleles in DNA extracted from representative pools of parasites.
- This means ideal diagnostic tests would be able to measure the number or proportion of resistance-related genetic variants within a wider population of parasites, thus providing a clear picture of the extent of the resistance problem.
This research represents an important step towards improving our ability to detect and quantify anthelmintic resistance, thereby allowing better management of treatments to ensure their continued effectiveness.
Cite This Article
APA
von Samson-Himmelstjerna G.
(2006).
Molecular diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance.
Vet Parasitol, 136(2), 99-107.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.005 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany. gvsamson@tiho-hannover.de
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Anthelmintics / pharmacology
- Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
- Benzimidazoles / pharmacology
- Cattle
- Drug Resistance / genetics
- Gastrointestinal Diseases / drug therapy
- Gastrointestinal Diseases / parasitology
- Gastrointestinal Diseases / veterinary
- Horses
- Lactones / chemistry
- Lactones / pharmacology
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / methods
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / trends
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / veterinary
- Nematoda / drug effects
- Nematoda / genetics
- Nematode Infections / drug therapy
- Nematode Infections / parasitology
- Nematode Infections / veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / drug effects
- Ruminants
References
This article includes 80 references
Citations
This article has been cited 18 times.- Ahmed H, Kilinc SG, Celik F, Kesik HK, Simsek S, Ahmad KS, Afzal MS, Farrakh S, Safdar W, Pervaiz F, Liaqat S, Zhang J, Cao J. An Inventory of Anthelmintic Plants across the Globe. Pathogens 2023 Jan 13;12(1).
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- Martin F, Halvarsson P, Delhomme N, Höglund J, Tydén E. Exploring the β-tubulin gene family in a benzimidazole-resistant Parascaris univalens population. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021 Dec;17:84-91.
- Zanet S, Battisti E, Labate F, Oberto F, Ferroglio E. Reduced Efficacy of Fenbendazole and Pyrantel Pamoate Treatments against Intestinal Nematodes of Stud and Performance Horses. Vet Sci 2021 Mar 5;8(3).
- Santos LL, Salgado JA, Drummond MG, Bastianetto E, Santos CP, Brasil BSAF, Taconeli CA, Oliveira DAA. Molecular method for the semiquantitative identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic ruminants. Parasitol Res 2020 Feb;119(2):529-543.
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- Kapoor P, Hayes YO, Jarrell LT, Bellinger DA, Thomas RD, Lawson GW, Arkema JD, Fletcher CA, Nielsen JN. Evaluation of Anthelmintic Resistance and Exhaust Air Dust PCR as a Diagnostic Tool in Mice Enzootically Infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2017 May 1;56(3):273-289.
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