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International journal of molecular sciences2022; 23(8); 4183; doi: 10.3390/ijms23084183

Molecular Dynamics and Evolution of Centromeres in the Genus Equus.

Abstract: The centromere is the chromosomal locus essential for proper chromosome segregation. While the centromeric function is well conserved and epigenetically specified, centromeric DNA sequences are typically composed of satellite DNA and represent the most rapidly evolving sequences in eukaryotic genomes. The presence of satellite sequences at centromeres hampered the comprehensive molecular analysis of these enigmatic loci. The discovery of functional centromeres completely devoid of satellite repetitions and fixed in some animal and plant species represented a turning point in centromere biology, definitively proving the epigenetic nature of the centromere. The first satellite-free centromere, fixed in a vertebrate species, was discovered in the horse. Later, an extraordinary number of satellite-free neocentromeres had been discovered in other species of the genus Equus, which remains the only mammalian genus with numerous satellite-free centromeres described thus far. These neocentromeres arose recently during evolution and are caught in a stage of incomplete maturation. Their presence made the equids a unique model for investigating, at molecular level, the minimal requirements for centromere seeding and evolution. This model system provided new insights on how centromeres are established and transmitted to the progeny and on the role of satellite DNA in different aspects of centromere biology.
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Publication Date: 2022-04-10 PubMed ID: 35457002PubMed Central: PMC9024551DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084183Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study focuses on the evolution and molecular dynamics of centromeres, which are crucial parts of the chromosomes involved in cell division, within the Equus genus (which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras). The researchers highlight the unique discovery of centromeres devoid of usual satellite DNA sequences, notably found within species of this genus, and how this aids in understanding the requirements for centromere development and evolution.

Understanding Centromeres and Satellite DNA

  • Centromeres are a crucial part of a chromosome that ensures proper segregation during cell division.
  • Centromeres typically consist of rapidly evolving, satellite DNA sequences. Satellite DNA is noncoding DNA that repeats itself numerously within the genome.
  • However, centromere functionality is not determined by DNA sequence but is rather epigenetically specified. Epigenetics relates to changes brought about by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

Discovery of Satellite-free Centromeres in the Equus Genus

  • The presence of satellite DNA at centromeres has posed challenges to conducting comprehensive molecular analysis at these sites.
  • A fascinating discovery was the identification of functional centromeres entirely devoid of satellite repetitions in some animal and plant species. This reinforced the idea of an epigenetic basis for centromere function.
  • The first such centromere was identified in a horse, a species within the genus Equus. Subsequently, numerous such “neocentromeres” have been identified within other species of this genus. This makes Equus the only mammalian genus with numerous satellite-free centromeres described to date.
  • These neocentromeres are thought to have appeared recently in evolutionary timescales and are seen as being in a stage of incomplete maturation.

Implications for Centromere Biology

  • The existence of these satellite-free centromeres provides a unique model for investigating the minimal requirements for the inception and evolution of centromeres.
  • Through this exploration, the study enriches our understanding of how centromeres are established and transmitted to further generations. It also provides new insights into the role of satellite DNA in various aspects of centromere functionality.
  • It also opens up interesting possibilities for the strategic manipulation of centromeres and their properties for therapeutic purposes.

Cite This Article

APA
(2022). Molecular Dynamics and Evolution of Centromeres in the Genus Equus. Int J Mol Sci, 23(8), 4183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084183

Publication

International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
NlmUniqueID: 101092791
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 23
Issue: 8
PII: 4183

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Centromere / genetics
  • Chromosome Segregation
  • DNA, Satellite / genetics
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Horses / genetics
  • Mammals / genetics
  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

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