FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Acta Vet Scand / Monocarboxylate transporters and lactate metabolism in equin...
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2002; 43(2); 63-74; doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-43-63

Monocarboxylate transporters and lactate metabolism in equine athletes: a review.

Abstract: Lactate is known as the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, a pathway that is of key importance during high intensity exercise. Instead of being a waste product lactate is now regarded as a valuable substrate that significantly contributes to the energy production of heart, non-contracting muscles and even brain. The recent cloning of monocarboxylate transporters, a conserved protein family that transports lactate through biological membranes, has given a new insight into the role of lactate in whole body metabolism. This paper reviews current literature on lactate and monocarboxylate transporters with special reference to horses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2002-08-14 PubMed ID: 12173504PubMed Central: PMC1764192DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-43-63Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The article examines how lactate, the byproduct of intense exercise, has a vital role in energy production within various biological systems such as the heart, non-contracting muscles and the brain. These findings, especially significant in equine athletes, are facilitated by the discovery of monocarboxylate transporters which transport lactate through biological membranes.

Understanding Lactate Metabolism

  • The research discusses lactate, a compound produced through anaerobic glycolysis, a metabolic process that becomes prominent during high-intensity exercise. This process was once thought to result in a waste product, but current research now reveals lactate as a crucial energy resource for different para-physiological components.
  • Energy produced from lactate metabolism significantly contributes to the functioning of the heart, non-contracting muscles, and brain. Because these organs and tissues depend on continuous supply of energy, the role of lactate has been underscored in maintaining their normal function.

Monocarboxylate Transporters

  • The pivotal role of lactate in energy provision has been further understood through the investigations involving monocarboxylate transporters. These are proteins involved in moving lactate through biological membranes, thereby facilitating its consumption for generating energy.
  • The cloning of monocarboxylate transporters has provided researchers with new tools and methods to fully comprehend the complex interplay between lactate production, transport, and utilization, and has provided profound insights into how lactate influences whole-body metabolism.

Application to Equine Athletes

  • The impact of these discoveries goes beyond human physiology and has found specific importance in the field of veterinary science, particularly in understanding and enhancing the performance of equine athletes — horses that are trained for competitive sports.
  • Given the strenuous physical efforts these horses are subjected to, understanding how lactate contributes to their energy supply chain can lead to the optimization of their diet, training regimen, and overall performance.
  • This study provides an overview of current literature that investigates the role of lactate and monocarboxylate transporters in horses, marking a significant evolution in our understanding of equine athletic performance and the ways to improve it.

Cite This Article

APA
Pösö AR. (2002). Monocarboxylate transporters and lactate metabolism in equine athletes: a review. Acta Vet Scand, 43(2), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-43-63

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 0044-605X
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 63-74

Researcher Affiliations

Pösö, A R
  • Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. reeta.poso@helsinki.fi

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biological Transport
  • Energy Metabolism / physiology
  • Horses / metabolism
  • Lactates / metabolism
  • Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters / metabolism
  • Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology

References

This article includes 73 references
  1. Baker SK, McCullagh KJ, Bonen A. Training intensity-dependent and tissue-specific increases in lactate uptake and MCT-1 in heart and muscle.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998 Mar;84(3):987-94.
    doi: 10.1063/1.368165pubmed: 9480961google scholar: lookup
  2. Bangsbo J, Graham T, Johansen L, Saltin B. Muscle lactate metabolism in recovery from intense exhaustive exercise: impact of light exercise.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994 Oct;77(4):1890-5.
    pubmed: 7836214doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1890google scholar: lookup
  3. Bonen A, McCullagh KJ, Putman CT, Hultman E, Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJ. Short-term training increases human muscle MCT1 and femoral venous lactate in relation to muscle lactate.. Am J Physiol 1998 Jan;274(1):E102-7.
    pubmed: 9458754doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.1.e102google scholar: lookup
  4. Booth FW, Thomason DB. Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to exercise: perspectives of various models.. Physiol Rev 1991 Apr;71(2):541-85.
    pubmed: 2006222doi: 10.1152/physrev.1991.71.2.541google scholar: lookup
  5. Brooks GA. Current concepts in lactate exchange.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 Aug;23(8):895-906.
    pubmed: 1956262
  6. Brooks GA, Brown MA, Butz CE, Sicurello JP, Dubouchaud H. Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria have a monocarboxylate transporter MCT1.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999 Nov;87(5):1713-8.
    pubmed: 10562613doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.87.5.1713google scholar: lookup
  7. Brooks GA, Dubouchaud H, Brown M, Sicurello JP, Butz CE. Role of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase and lactate oxidation in the intracellular lactate shuttle.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 Feb 2;96(3):1129-34.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.3.1129pmc: PMC15362pubmed: 9927705google scholar: lookup
  8. Cutmore CM, Snow DH, Newsholme EA. Activities of key enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in middle gluteal muscle from trained and untrained horses.. Equine Vet J 1985 Sep;17(5):354-6.
    pubmed: 2996878doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02519.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  9. Derman KD, Noakes TD. Comparative aspects of exercise physiology.. In: Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, editor. The Athletic Horse. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders; 1994. pp. 13–25.
  10. Donovan CM, Brooks GA. Endurance training affects lactate clearance, not lactate production.. Am J Physiol 1983 Jan;244(1):E83-92.
    pubmed: 6401405doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1983.244.1.e83google scholar: lookup
  11. Dubouchaud H, Butterfield GE, Wolfel EE, Bergman BC, Brooks GA. Endurance training, expression, and physiology of LDH, MCT1, and MCT4 in human skeletal muscle.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000 Apr;278(4):E571-9.
    pubmed: 10751188doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.4.e571google scholar: lookup
  12. Dunnett M, Harris RC. Carnosine and taurine contents of type I, IIA and IIB fibers in the middle gluteal muscle.. Equine vet J 1995. pp. 214–217.
  13. Eaton MD. Energetics and performance.. In: Hodgins DR, Rose RJ, editor. The Athletic Horse. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders; 1994. pp. 49–61.
  14. Essén-Gustavsson B, Karlström K, Lindholm A. Fibre types, enzyme activities and substrate utilisation in skeletal muscles of horses competing in endurance rides.. Equine Vet J 1984 May;16(3):197-202.
    pubmed: 6734585doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01903.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  15. Evans DL, Rose RJ. Determination and repeatability of maximum oxygen uptake and other cardiorespiratory measurements in the exercising horse.. Equine Vet J 1988 Mar;20(2):94-8.
    pubmed: 3371328doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01467.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  16. Fishbein WN. Lactate transporter defect: a new disease of muscle.. Science 1986 Dec 5;234(4781):1254-6.
    doi: 10.1126/science.3775384pubmed: 3775384google scholar: lookup
  17. Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue.. Physiol Rev 1994 Jan;74(1):49-94.
    pubmed: 8295935doi: 10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.49google scholar: lookup
  18. Fox G, Henckel P, Juel C, Falk-Rønne J, Saltin B. Skeletal muscle buffer capacity changes in Standardbred horses: effects of growth and training.. In: Gillespie JR, Robinson NE, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, CA, ICEEP Publications; 1987. pp. 341–347.
  19. Francaux M, Jacqmin P, de Welle JM, Sturbois X. A study of lactate metabolism without tracer during passive and active postexercise recovery in humans.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1995;72(1-2):58-66.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00964115pubmed: 8789571google scholar: lookup
  20. Grichko VP, Gettelman GJ, Widrick JJ, Fitts RH. Substrate and enzyme profile of fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers in rhesus monkeys.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999 Jan;86(1):335-40.
    pubmed: 9887148doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.335google scholar: lookup
  21. Halestrap AP, Price NT. The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: structure, function and regulation.. Biochem J 1999 Oct 15;343 Pt 2(Pt 2):281-99.
    doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3430281pmc: PMC1220552pubmed: 10510291google scholar: lookup
  22. Halperin ML, Rolleston FS. Clinical Detective Stories.. London, Portland Press; 1993. p. 258.
  23. Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M, Snow DH, Hultman E. Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1990;97(2):249-51.
    doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90180-Zpubmed: 1982938google scholar: lookup
  24. Harris RC, Snow DH, Katz A, Sahlin K. Effect of freeze-drying on measurements of pH in biopsy samples of the middle gluteal muscle of the horse: comparison of muscle pH to the pyruvate and lactate content.. Equine Vet J 1989 Jan;21(1):45-7.
    pubmed: 2920700doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02088.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Henriksson J, Chi MM, Hintz CS, Young DA, Kaiser KK, Salmons S, Lowry OH. Chronic stimulation of mammalian muscle: changes in enzymes of six metabolic pathways.. Am J Physiol 1986 Oct;251(4 Pt 1):C614-32.
    pubmed: 2945440doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1986.251.4.c614google scholar: lookup
  26. Hyyppä S, Pösö AR. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base responses to exercise in racehorses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998 Apr;14(1):121-36.
    pubmed: 9561691doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30215-8google scholar: lookup
  27. Jones WE. Equine Sports Medicine.. Philadelphia, PA, Lea & Febiger; 1989. pp. 121–136.
  28. Juel C. Lactate/proton co-transport in skeletal muscle: regulation and importance for pH homeostasis.. Acta Physiol Scand 1996 Mar;156(3):369-74.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1996.206000.xpubmed: 8729697google scholar: lookup
  29. Juel C. Lactate-proton cotransport in skeletal muscle.. Physiol Rev 1997 Apr;77(2):321-58.
    pubmed: 9114817doi: 10.1152/physrev.1997.77.2.321google scholar: lookup
  30. Juel C, Bangsbo J, Graham T, Saltin B. Lactate and potassium fluxes from human skeletal muscle during and after intense, dynamic, knee extensor exercise.. Acta Physiol Scand 1990 Oct;140(2):147-59.
    pubmed: 2125176doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08986.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  31. Karlström K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A. Fibre type distribution, capillarization and enzymatic profile of locomotor and nonlocomotor muscles of horses and steers.. Acta Anat (Basel) 1994;151(2):97-106.
    pubmed: 7701935doi: 10.1159/000147649google scholar: lookup
  32. Kingston JK, Bayly WM. Effect of exercise on acid-base status of horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998 Apr;14(1):61-73.
    pubmed: 9561688doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30212-2google scholar: lookup
  33. Lang F, Busch GL, Ritter M, Völkl H, Waldegger S, Gulbins E, Häussinger D. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms.. Physiol Rev 1998 Jan;78(1):247-306.
    pubmed: 9457175doi: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.247google scholar: lookup
  34. Lovell DK, Reid TA, Rose RJ. Effects of maximal exercise on equine muscle: changes in metabolites, pH and temperature.. In: Gillespie JR, Robinson NE, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, CA, ICEEP Publications; 1987. pp. 312–320.
  35. Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PL. Skeletal muscle buffer value, fibre type distribution and high intensity exercise performance in man.. Exp Physiol 1995 Jan;80(1):89-101.
    pubmed: 7734141doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.1995.sp003837google scholar: lookup
  36. Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Gash SP, Snow DH. Carnosine content of the middle gluteal muscle in thoroughbred horses with relation to age, sex and training.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1989;93(3):629-32.
    doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90023-6pubmed: 2569380google scholar: lookup
  37. Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Harman JC, Snow DH. Influence of post-exercise activity on rates of muscle and blood lactate disappearance in the Thoroughbred horse.. In: Gillespie JR, Robinson NE, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis CA. ICEEP Publications; 1987. pp. 321–331.
  38. McCullagh KJ, Poole RC, Halestrap AP, O'Brien M, Bonen A. Role of the lactate transporter (MCT1) in skeletal muscles.. Am J Physiol 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):E143-50.
    pubmed: 8760092doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.1.e143google scholar: lookup
  39. McCullagh KJ, Poole RC, Halestrap AP, Tipton KF, O'Brien M, Bonen A. Chronic electrical stimulation increases MCT1 and lactate uptake in red and white skeletal muscle.. Am J Physiol 1997 Aug;273(2 Pt 1):E239-46.
    pubmed: 9277375doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.2.e239google scholar: lookup
  40. McCutcheon LJ, Kelso TB, Bertocci LA, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM, Gollnick PD. Buffering and aerobic capacity in equine muscle: variation and effect of training.. In: Gillespie JR, Robinson NE, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, CA, ICEEP Publications; 1987. pp. 348–358.
  41. McMiken D. Muscle fiber types and horse performance.. Equine Pract 1986;8:6–15.
  42. Newsholme EA, Leech AR. Biochemistry for the Medical Sciences.. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons; 1986. pp. 357–381.
  43. Pagliassotti MJ, Donovan CM. Role of cell type in net lactate removal by skeletal muscle.. Am J Physiol 1990 Apr;258(4 Pt 1):E635-42.
    pubmed: 2110420doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.4.e635google scholar: lookup
  44. Persson SGB. Evaluation of exercise tolerance and fitness in the performance horse.. In: Snow DH, Persson SGB, Rose RJ, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology. Cambridge, Granta Editions; 1983. pp. 441–457.
  45. Persson SGB, Essén-Gustavsson B, Funkquist P, Romero LB. Plasma, red cell and whole blood lactate concentrations during prolonged treadmill exercise at VLA4.. Equine vet J 1995. pp. 104–107.
    pubmed: 0
  46. Phillips SM, Green HJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Grant SM. Increased clearance of lactate after short-term training in men.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995 Dec;79(6):1862-9.
    pubmed: 8847245doi: 10.1152/jappl.1995.79.6.1862google scholar: lookup
  47. Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J, Richter EA, Juel C. Lactate transport studied in sarcolemmal giant vesicles from human muscle biopsies: relation to training status.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994 Oct;77(4):1858-62.
    pubmed: 7836210doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1858google scholar: lookup
  48. Pilegaard H, Domino K, Noland T, Juel C, Hellsten Y, Halestrap AP, Bangsbo J. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on lactate/H+ transport capacity in human skeletal muscle.. Am J Physiol 1999 Feb;276(2):E255-61.
    pubmed: 9950784doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.e255google scholar: lookup
  49. Poole RC, Halestrap AP. Transport of lactate and other monocarboxylates across mammalian plasma membranes.. Am J Physiol 1993 Apr;264(4 Pt 1):C761-82.
    pubmed: 8476015doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.4.c761google scholar: lookup
  50. Poole RC, Sansom CE, Halestrap AP. Studies of the membrane topology of the rat erythrocyte H+/lactate cotransporter (MCT1).. Biochem J 1996 Dec 15;320 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):817-24.
    pmc: PMC1218002pubmed: 9003367doi: 10.1042/bj3200817google scholar: lookup
  51. Pösö AR, Lampinen KJ, Räsänen LA. Distribution of lactate between red blood cells and plasma after exercise.. Equine vet J 1995. pp. 231–234.
  52. Pösö AR, Nieminen M, Raulio J, Räsänen LA, Soveri T. Skeletal muscle characteristics of racing reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1996 Jul;114(3):277-81.
    doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(96)00014-Xpubmed: 8759149google scholar: lookup
  53. Räsänen LA, Lampinen KJ, Pösö AR. Responses of blood and plasma lactate and plasma purine concentrations to maximal exercise and their relation to performance in standardbred trotters.. Am J Vet Res 1995 Dec;56(12):1651-6.
    pubmed: 8599528
  54. Ronéus M, Lindholm A, Asheim A. Muscle characteristics in Thoroughbreds of different ages and sexes.. Equine Vet J 1991 May;23(3):207-10.
    pubmed: 1884703doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02757.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  55. Ronéus M, Persson SG, Essén-Gustavsson B, Arnason T. Skeletal muscle characteristics in red blood cell normovolaemic and hypervolaemic standardbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 1994 Jul;26(4):319-22.
    pubmed: 8575400doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04393.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  56. Rose RJ, Hodgson DR, Kelso TB, McCutcheon LJ, Reid TA, Bayly WM, Gollnick PD. Maximum O2 uptake, O2 debt and deficit, and muscle metabolites in Thoroughbred horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988 Feb;64(2):781-8.
    pubmed: 3372435doi: 10.1152/jappl.1988.64.2.781google scholar: lookup
  57. Ryan C, Radziuk J. Distinguishable substrate pools for muscle glyconeogenesis in lactate-supplemented recovery from exercise.. Am J Physiol 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 1):E538-50.
    pubmed: 7573432doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.3.e538google scholar: lookup
  58. Sahlin K, Henriksson J. Buffer capacity and lactate accumulation in skeletal muscle of trained and untrained men.. Acta Physiol Scand 1984 Nov;122(3):331-9.
    pubmed: 6516884doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07517.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  59. Sahlin K, Broberg S, Ren JM. Formation of inosine monophosphate (IMP) in human skeletal muscle during incremental dynamic exercise.. Acta Physiol Scand 1989 Jun;136(2):193-8.
    pubmed: 2782092doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08652.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  60. Schuback K, Essén-Gustavsson B. Muscle anaerobic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in Standardbred trotters.. Equine Vet J 1998 Nov;30(6):504-10.
    pubmed: 9844969doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04526.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  61. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Dunnett M. Carnosine accounts for most of the variation in physico-chemical buffering in equine muscle.. In: Persson SGB, Lindholm A, Jeffcott LB, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology 3. Davis, CA, ICEEP Publications; 1991. pp. 276–280.
  62. Skelton MS, Kremer DE, Smith EW, Gladden LB. Lactate influx into red blood cells of athletic and nonathletic species.. Am J Physiol 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):R1121-8.
    pubmed: 7771571doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.5.r1121google scholar: lookup
  63. Snow DH, Mackenzie G. Some metabolic effects of maximal exercise in the horse and adaptations with training.. Equine Vet J 1977 Jul;9(3):134-40.
    pubmed: 891517doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1977.tb04005.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  64. Snow DH, Harris RC, Gash SP. Metabolic response of equine muscle to intermittent maximal exercise.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985 May;58(5):1689-97.
    doi: 10.1063/1.336065pubmed: 3997731google scholar: lookup
  65. Stevenson RW, Mitchell DR, Hendrick GK, Rainey R, Cherrington AD, Frizzell RT. Lactate as substrate for glycogen resynthesis after exercise.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987 Jun;62(6):2237-40.
    doi: 10.1063/1.339499pubmed: 3610920google scholar: lookup
  66. Tesch PA, Daniels WL, Sharp DS. Lactate accumulation in muscle and blood during submaximal exercise.. Acta Physiol Scand 1982 Mar;114(3):441-6.
    pubmed: 7136774doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07007.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  67. Väihkönen LK, Heinonen OJ, Hyyppä S, Nieminen M, Pösö AR. Lactate-transport activity in RBCs of trained and untrained individuals from four racing species.. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001 Jul;281(1):R19-24.
    pubmed: 11404274doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.1.r19google scholar: lookup
  68. Väihkönen LK, Hyyppä S, Reeta Pösö A. Factors affecting accumulation of lactate in red blood cells.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):443-7.
    pubmed: 10659297doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05263.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  69. Väihkönen LK, Pösö AR. Interindividual variation in total and carrier-mediated lactate influx into red blood cells.. Am J Physiol 1998 Apr;274(4):R1025-30.
    pubmed: 9575965doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.4.r1025google scholar: lookup
  70. Valberg S. Metabolic response to racing and fibre properties of skeletal muscle in standardbred and thoroughbred horses.. J equine vet Sci 1987;7:6–12.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(87)80085-0google scholar: lookup
  71. Valberg S, Essén-Gustavsson B. Metabolic response to racing determined in pools of type I, IIA and IIB fibers.. In: Gillespie JR, Robinson NE, editor. Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, CA, ICEEP Publications; 1987. pp. 290–301.
  72. Valberg SJ, Macleay JM, Billstrom JA, Hower-Moritz MA, Mickelson JR. Skeletal muscle metabolic response to exercise in horses with 'tying-up' due to polysaccharide storage myopathy.. Equine Vet J 1999 Jan;31(1):43-7.
    pubmed: 9952328doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03789.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  73. Wilson MC, Jackson VN, Heddle C, Price NT, Pilegaard H, Juel C, Bonen A, Montgomery I, Hutter OF, Halestrap AP. Lactic acid efflux from white skeletal muscle is catalyzed by the monocarboxylate transporter isoform MCT3.. J Biol Chem 1998 Jun 26;273(26):15920-6.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.15920pubmed: 9632638google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Zaeske C, Brueggemann GP, Willwacher S, Maehlich D, Maintz D, Bratke G. The behaviour of T2* and T2 relaxation time in extrinsic foot muscles under continuous exercise: A prospective analysis during extended running. PLoS One 2022;17(2):e0264066.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264066pubmed: 35176114google scholar: lookup
  2. Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F. Influence of the cardiac glycoside digoxin on cardiac troponin I, acid-base and electrolyte balance, and haematobiochemical profiles in healthy donkeys (Equus asinus). BMC Vet Res 2014 Mar 12;10:64.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-64pubmed: 24621180google scholar: lookup
  3. Liedtke AM, Meijer H, Horstmann S, von Reitzenstein C, Rump I, Kirsch K. Modelling Energy Demands of Cross-Country Tests in 2-Star to 5-Star Eventing Competitions. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 17;15(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15121775pubmed: 40564327google scholar: lookup
  4. Hashemi Karoii D, Baghaei H, Abroudi AS, Djamali M, Hasani Mahforoozmahalleh Z, Azizi H, Skutella T. Alteration of the metabolite interconversion enzyme in sperm and Sertoli cell of non-obstructive azoospermia: a microarray data and in-silico analysis. Sci Rep 2024 Oct 29;14(1):25965.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77875-9pubmed: 39472682google scholar: lookup
  5. Johansson L, Ringmark S, Bergquist J, Skiöldebrand E, Jansson A. A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses. Sci Rep 2024 Jan 25;14(1):2139.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52188-zpubmed: 38273017google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.