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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2023; 51(5); 314-326; doi: 10.1055/a-2180-2182

[Morbidity and mortality of mare and foal following dystocia – a literature review].

Abstract: Dystocia represents a life-threatening condition for mare and foal. Morbidity and mortality rates due to a difficult birth, as well as the influence on fertility of the mare were analyzed, based on a review of publications. This was aggravated by the fact that no standardized diagnostic code was used and that most publications do not clearly describe how extensively the examinations were performed beforehand. Retentio secundinarum is the most common complication caused by dystocia. Other complications are injuries to the soft birth canal and the colon. These occur more frequently after surgical obstetrics than following assisted vaginal deliveries. Performing a fetotomy increases the risk of injury to the birth canal. After a caesarean section, the risk for retained placenta increases significantly. In order to evaluate the possibility of medical progress over time, mortality rates of mare and foal were investigated and divided in surgical and conservative obstetrics within the period of 1970-1990 and 1991-2021. The average maternal mortality rate following caesarean section amounted to 18% in the time period between 1970 and 1990 and 14% between the years from 1991-2021. After fetotomy, the two determined mortality rates amounted to 29% and 10% for the time between 1970 and 1990. In the period 1991-2021, the rate varies between 4% and 44% with an average mortality rate of 14%. Following controlled vaginal delivery, the average mortality rate is 9%. Literary sources were however only available for the current time period and range between 6% and 29%. The morbidity and mortality rate of foals is very high. Following caesarean section on average 53% of foals are dead on delivery, with a range of 13-79% in case reports from the years 1991-2021. The number of dead foals in the context of conservative obstetrics is of a similar scale. Postnatal foal diseases are largely due to intrapartum hypoxia during dystocia and obstetric injury. In consequence of a difficult delivery, mares experience reduced fertility. In numerous cases this however may be compensated by pausing from further breeding in the same year. The number of cases evaluated in this context however remains too small to advocate any recommendations for breeding following incidents of dystocia. Eine Dystokie stellt für die Stute und das Fohlen einen lebensbedrohlichen Zustand dar. Anhand einer Literaturauswertung wurden die Morbiditäts- und Todesraten durch eine Schwergeburt bei Stute und Fohlen sowie der Einfluss auf die weitere Fruchtbarkeit der Stute analysiert. Erschwerend bei der Auswertung der Literatur ist, dass kein einheitlicher Diagnoseschlüssel genutzt wurde und dass in den meisten Veröffentlichungen nicht deutlich wird, wie umfangreich die Untersuchungen am Tier durchgeführt wurden, um zur Diagnose zu gelangen. Die Retentio secundinarum ist die häufigste Komplikation nach Schwergeburt. Weitere Komplikationen der Dystokie sind Verletzungen im weichen Geburtsweg und des Dickdarmes. Diese treten nach chirurgischer Geburtshilfe häufiger auf als nach Auszug. Bei Durchführung einer Fetotomie steigt die Gefahr von Verletzungen im Geburtsweg. Nach einer Sectio caesarea nimmt das Risiko einer Nachgeburtsverhaltung deutlich zu. Zur Darlegung eines möglichen obstetrischen Fortschritts wurden recherchierte Mortalitätsraten von Stute und Fohlen nach chirurgischer sowie konservativer Geburtshilfe in die Perioden 1970–1990 und 1991–2021 unterteilt. Die durchschnittliche maternale Todesrate nach einer Sectio caesarea liegt im Zeitraum 1970–1990 bei 18% und von 1991 bis 2021 bei 14%. Die 2 ermittelten Angaben zur Todesrate nach einer Fetotomie betrugen 29% und 10% in der Zeitspanne 1970–1990. In der Periode 1991–2021 variieren die Daten zwischen 4 und 44%, wobei sich eine durchschnittliche Todesrate von 14% ergibt. Die durchschnittliche maternale Todesrate nach Auszug unter Allgemeinanästhesie liegt bei 9%. Die Literaturangaben lagen hierbei allerdings nur für den aktuelleren Zeitraum vor und schwanken zwischen 6–29%. Die Erkrankungs- und Todesrate von Fohlen ist sehr hoch. Im Rahmen eines Kaiserschnittes werden 53% der Fohlen tot entwickelt, wobei die Todesrate in den einzelnen Fallserien aus den Jahren 1991–2021 von 13–79% variiert. Die Anzahl tot entwickelter Fohlen im Rahmen einer konservativen Geburtshilfe liegt in der gleichen Größenordnung Postnatale Erkrankungen des Fohlens sind zum größten Teil auf die intrapartale Hypoxie während der Dystokie und Verletzungen durch die Geburtshilfe zurückzuführen. Nach Schwergeburt zeigen Stuten eine reduzierte Fertilität, was jedoch durch eine Zuchtpause im gleichen Jahr in vielen Fällen kompensiert werden kann. Insgesamt ist die Anzahl ausgewerteter Fälle aber bisher zu gering, um verbindliche Hinweise für eine Zuchtnutzung nach Dystokie formulieren zu können.
Publication Date: 2023-11-13 PubMed ID: 37956674DOI: 10.1055/a-2180-2182Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research reviews literature on the health and survival outcomes in mares and foals following difficult births, or dystocia. The study looks at associated complications, changes over time, and the impact on the fertility of mares. It was found that difficult births significantly increases mortality and morbidity in both mares and foals, and can lead to reduced fertility in mares.

Difficult Births and Complications

  • Dystocia, or difficult childbirth, is a dangerous condition for both mares and foals and commonly leads to significant complications.
  • The most common complication following dystocia is a retained placenta. Other reported complications include injuries to the soft birth canal and colon.
  • These injuries occur more frequently after surgical intervention than with assisted vaginal deliveries.
  • Fetotomy, a procedure where the fetus is removed in pieces, leads to increased risk of birth canal injury.
  • A cesarean section significantly increases the risk of retained placenta in the mare.

Mortality Over Time

  • The research takes into account medical progress over time by investigating mortality outcomes in mare and foal from conservative and surgical obstetrics between 1970-1990 and 1991-2021.
  • Post-cesarean maternal mortality decreased from 18% between 1970 and 1990 to 14% from 1991 to 2021.
  • The research also shows a decrease in mortality rates after fetotomy, from 29% and 10% between 1970 and 1990 to an average of 14% between 1991 and 2021, although rates varied between 4% and 44%.
  • The average mortality rate after controlled vaginal delivery is recorded at 9%. However, sources for this data were only available for the recent time period and fluctuated between 6% and 29%.

Morbidity in Foals

  • The morbidity and mortality rate of foals was found to be very high. On average, 53% of foals delivered via cesarean section were already dead, with a range of 13-79% in various case reports from 1991-2021.
  • Similar rates were found in foals from conservative obstetrics scenarios.
  • Postnatal diseases in foals were most often related to hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) during dystocia and birth injuries.

Fertility Impacts

  • Difficult births were found to have an impact on the fertility of the mare. After such an event, mares showed reduced fertility.
  • In numerous cases, this could be compensated by not breeding in the same year.
  • However, the number of cases evaluated in this context remains too small to draw any solid recommendations regarding breeding after incidents of dystocia.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellerbrock M, Wehrend A. (2023). [Morbidity and mortality of mare and foal following dystocia – a literature review]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 51(5), 314-326. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2180-2182

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger
Volume: 51
Issue: 5
Pages: 314-326

Researcher Affiliations

Ellerbrock, Markus
  • Tierklinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Neugeborenenkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
Wehrend, Axel
  • Tierklinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Neugeborenenkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Female
  • Pregnancy
  • Cesarean Section / adverse effects
  • Cesarean Section / veterinary
  • Dystocia / veterinary
  • Delivery, Obstetric / veterinary
  • Parturition
  • Morbidity

Conflict of Interest Statement

Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Citations

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