Neutron anatomy.
Abstract: The familiar extremes of crystalline material are single-crystals and random powders. In between these two extremes are polycrystalline aggregates, not randomly arranged but possessing some preferred orientation and this is the form taken by constructional materials, be they steel girders or the bones of a human or animal skeleton. The details of the preferred orientation determine the ability of the material to withstand stress in any direction. In the case of bone the crucial factor is the orientation of the c-axes of the mineral content-the crystals of the hexagonal hydroxyapatite- and this can readily be determined by neutron diffraction. In particular it can be measured over the volume of a piece of bone, utilising distances ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm. The major practical problem is to avoid the intense incoherent scattering from the hydrogen in the accompanying collagen; this can best be achieved by heat-treatment and it is demonstrated that this does not affect the underlying apatite. These studies of bone give leading anatomical information on the life and activities of humans and animals-including, for example, the life history of the human femur, the locomotion of sheep, the fracture of the legs of racehorses and the life-styles of Neolithic tribes. We conclude that the material is placed economically in the bone to withstand the expected stresses of life and the environment. The experimental results are presented in terms of the magnitude of the 0002 apatite reflection. It so happens that for a random powder the 0002, 1121 reflections, which are neighbouring lines in the powder pattern, are approximately equal in intensity. The latter reflection, being of manifold multiplicity, is scarcely affected by preferred orientation so that the numerical value of the 0002/1121 ratio serves quite accurately as a quantitative measure of the degree of orientation of the c-axes in any chosen direction, for a sample of bone.
Publication Date: 1996-01-01 PubMed ID: 9031506DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5847-7_2Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research is about the use of neutron diffraction to analyze the underlying structure of bone material, specifically the crystals of hexagonal hydroxyapatite, and how it can provide anatomical insights into human and animal life as well as their environment, highlighting the efficient layout of bone material to bear life’s stresses.
Crystalline Material and Its Relation with Bone Structure
- The researchers kick off with a comparison between ‘single-crystals’ and ‘random powders’, the two extremes of crystalline material. In between these ends, there exist polycrystalline aggregates that are not randomly arranged but have some preferred orientation. Constructional materials like steel and bone structures keep this kind of makeup.
- The specific orientation of these materials is potent at sustaining stress from various directions. In the context of bone structure, the important factor is the orientation of the c-axes of the mineral content, in this case, the hexagonal hydroxyapatite crystals.
Neutron Diffraction in Bone Analysis
- Neutron diffraction proves to be a useful tool in determining the orientation of hexagonal hydroxyapatite crystals.
- The research shares that this crystal orientation can be measured over different parts of a bone, utilizing distances within the range of 1 mm to 10 mm.
- One practical challenge faced in conducting this exploration is the intense irregular scattering caused by the hydrogen in the accompanying collagen within the bone. The paper suggests that this is best handled by heat-treatment, assuring that the process does not affect the underlying apatite.
Anatomical Implications and Reflections
- Beyond the science of bone structure and material, these studies provide unique anatomical information on the life and activities of humans and animals, possibly showing how bones adapt and morph according to the environment and the stresses of daily life.
- This research has practical implications in comprehending occupation-related bone changes and diagnosing anomalies in bone structure.
- The research infers that bone material is placed economically within a bone to handle life’s anticipated stresses.
- The experimental results were presented by measuring the 0002 apatite reflection. This reflection and the ratio of 0002/1121 serve as an accurate measure of the degree of orientation of the c-axes in any direction for a bone sample. The orientation, in turn, sheds light on the bone’s ability to withstand stress and strain.
Cite This Article
APA
Bacon GE.
(1996).
Neutron anatomy.
Basic Life Sci, 64, 17-27.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5847-7_2 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England.
MeSH Terms
- Anatomy / methods
- Animals
- Bone and Bones / anatomy & histology
- Bone and Bones / physiology
- Femoral Fractures / physiopathology
- Femoral Fractures / veterinary
- Femur / anatomy & histology
- Femur / physiology
- Horse Diseases
- Horses
- Humans
- Life Style
- Muscle, Skeletal / anatomy & histology
- Muscle, Skeletal / physiology
- Neutrons
- Paleontology
- Sheep
Citations
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