New assays to measure equine influenza virus-specific Type 1 immunity in horses.
Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in horses. Equine influenza infection induces a long-term immunity to re-infection. Recent strategies of vaccination aim to mimic this immunity by stimulating both antibody and cellular immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to influenza is well defined in man, but little has been done to characterise the responses in the horse. Additionally, the development of reliable assays for the measurement of equine CMI has lagged behind serological methods and vaccine development. In this study, two methods of measuring EIV-specific T lymphocyte responses have been developed. An EIV 'bulk' cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) assay using equine dermal fibroblasts as target cells has been adapted from a method used in the 1980s. This method was also complemented with a new EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis assay. When compared with the measurement of EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis previously described, this method required the amplification of EIV-specific lymphocytes by culture and was sensitive enough to detect stimulation of EIV-specific T lymphocytes induced by experimental infection with EIV or vaccination with recombinant canarypox viruses coding for EIV-HA molecules. This study provides the tools to characterise the stimulation of CMI by the new generation of vaccines against equine influenza.
Publication Date: 2007-09-04 PubMed ID: 17881098DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.033Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research presents two developed methods for measuring equine influenza virus (EIV)-specific T lymphocyte responses in horses, providing tools for studying how new vaccines stimulate cell-mediated immunity against equine influenza.
About Equine Influenza Virus and Immunity
- The Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. It induces long-term immunity against reinfection.
- Recent vaccination strategies aim to replicate this natural immunity by stimulating both the body’s production of antibodies and cellular immune responses.
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), especially to influenza, is well documented in humans, but little is known about such responses in horses.
- Moreover, reliable tests for equine CMI have not been well developed, trailing behind serological methods and vaccine development.
New Methodologies Developed in this Study
- This study describes the development of two methods to measure EIV-specific T lymphocyte responses in horses.
- The first method is an ‘EIV bulk’ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) assay, which utilizes equine dermal fibroblasts as target cells. This method is an adaptation from a method used in the 1980s.
- The second method is an EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis assay.
- Compared to previously described EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis measurements, this new method requires amplification of EIV-specific lymphocytes via culture. It is sensitive enough to detect stimulation of EIV-specific T lymphocytes induced by experimental infection with EIV or vaccination with recombinant canarypox viruses coding for EIV-HA molecules.
Implications of the Study
- The methodologies developed in this study provide tools required to understand the stimulation of CMI by the new generation of vaccines against equine influenza.
- This will help in further studying the immune response in horses to influenza and could help in designing more effective vaccines against EIV.
Cite This Article
APA
Paillot R, Kydd JH, MacRae S, Minke JM, Hannant D, Daly JM.
(2007).
New assays to measure equine influenza virus-specific Type 1 immunity in horses.
Vaccine, 25(42), 7385-7398.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.033 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK. romain.paillot@aht.org.uk
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses / immunology
- Horses / virology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Interferon-gamma / biosynthesis
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- Receptors, Virus / metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / virology
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
- Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ. Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines.. J Anim Sci Technol 2022 May;64(3):588-598.
- Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Alami SSE, Ragni-Alunni R, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV(®) Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study.. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 17;9(2).
- Dilai M, Piro M, El Harrak M, Fougerolle S, Dehhaoui M, Dikrallah A, Legrand L, Paillot R, Fassi Fihri O. Impact of Mixed Equine Influenza Vaccination on Correlate of Protection in Horses.. Vaccines (Basel) 2018 Oct 4;6(4).
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Paillot R, Robinson C, Steward K, Wright N, Jourdan T, Butcher N, Heather Z, Waller AS. Contribution of each of four Superantigens to Streptococcus equi-induced mitogenicity, gamma interferon synthesis, and immunity.. Infect Immun 2010 Apr;78(4):1728-39.
- Bryant NA, Paillot R, Rash AS, Medcalf E, Montesso F, Ross J, Watson J, Jeggo M, Lewis NS, Newton JR, Elton DM. Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak.. Vet Res 2010 Mar-Apr;41(2):19.
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