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Veterinary world2021; 14(11); 2984-2995; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2984-2995

Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations.

Abstract: Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal welfare. The aim of the present review was to provide a description and interpretation of the physiological and behavioral alterations associated with pain and anxiety in equines. To this end, we conducted an extensive review of diverse sources on the topic. The article begins by describing the neurophysiological pathway of pain, followed by a discussion of the importance of the limbic system in responses to pain and anxiety, since prolonged exposure to situations that cause stress and pain generates such physiological changes as tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hyperthermia, and heart rate variability (HRV), often accompanied by altered emotional states, deficient rest, and even aggressiveness. In the long term, animals may show deficiencies in their ability to deal with changes in the environment due to alterations in the functioning of their immune, nervous, and endocrinologic systems. In conclusion, pain and anxiety directly impact the homeostasis of organisms, so it is necessary to conduct objective evaluations of both sensations using behavioral scales, like the horse grimace scale, complemented by assessments of blood biomarkers to analyze their correlation with physiological parameters: Heart rate, respiratory rate, HRV, theparasympathetic tone activity index, lactate and glucose levels, and temperature. Additional tools - infrared thermography, for example - can also be used in these efforts to improve the quality of life and welfare of horses.
Copyright: © Hernández-Avalos, et al.
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Publication Date: 2021-11-26 PubMed ID: 35017848PubMed Central: PMC8743789DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2984-2995Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the physiological and behavioral changes in horses due to prolonged exposure to pain and anxiety, such as tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, etc. It emphasizes the importance of proper evaluation of these sensations and addresses ways to improve the quality of life and welfare of horses.

Overview of the Research

  • This research focuses on understanding the impacts of nociceptive pain and anxiety on equines – specifically horses.
  • It describes physiological and behavioral changes which horses undergo due to continuous exposure to situations causing stress and pain.
  • The effort is aimed at objectively assessing these too often underestimated sensations, and their correlation with various physiological parameters, using set behavioral scales, determining blood biomarkers, and employing other advanced tools, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life and welfare of these animals.

Pain and Anxiety

  • The research article starts with a detailed account of how pain is neurally transmitted. This discourse aids in understanding how pain, which initiates at the level of peripheral tissues, reaches the brain to induce a conscious perception of discomfort.
  • The paper also emphasizes the role of the limbic system, an important part of the brain responsible for controlling emotions, in the response to pain and anxiety. The response of this system to stress and anxiety over extended periods can lead to serious physiological changes in animals.

Physiological Changes

  • Some of the physiological modifications identified in the research include tachycardia (increased heart rate), tachypnea (increased respiratory rate or hyperventilation), hypertension (high blood pressure), and hyperthermia (elevated body temperature).
  • These physiological changes are often coupled with behavioral alterations. The animals might show altered emotional states, insufficient rest, and even display aggressiveness.

Long-Term Impacts

  • Long term, these conditions may affect the animals’ ability to adapt to changes in their environment because their immune, nervous, and endocrine systems may not function properly.
  • The article concludes that pain and anxiety can disrupt the homeostasis, or balanced state, of the organism, emphasizing the need for objective evaluations of these sensations.

Evaluation Techniques

  • The article suggests using established behavioral scales, such as the horse grimace scale for evaluation.
  • Blood biomarkers should be assessed and cross-referenced with other physiological markers including heart rate, respiratory rate, HRV, parasympathetic tone activity index, lactate and glucose levels, and temperature.
  • Additionally, advanced tools like infrared thermography could be used to enhance the quality of these evaluations.

Cite This Article

APA
Hernández-Avalos I, Mota-Rojas D, Mendoza-Flores JE, Casas-Alvarado A, Flores-Padilla K, Miranda-Cortes AE, Torres-Bernal F, Gómez-Prado J, Mora-Medina P. (2021). Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations. Vet World, 14(11), 2984-2995. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.2984-2995

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 11
Pages: 2984-2995

Researcher Affiliations

Hernández-Avalos, I
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlán FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, State of Mexico 54714, Mexico.
Mota-Rojas, D
  • Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
Mendoza-Flores, J E
  • Equine Hospital Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlán FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, State of Mexico 54714, Mexico.
Casas-Alvarado, A
  • Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
Flores-Padilla, K
  • Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
Miranda-Cortes, A E
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlán FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, State of Mexico 54714, Mexico.
Torres-Bernal, F
  • Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
Gómez-Prado, J
  • Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
Mora-Medina, P
  • Department of Livestock Sciences, Animal Welfare, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, State of Mexico 54714, Mexico.

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