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Veterinary dermatology2022; 34(3); 222-234; doi: 10.1111/vde.13109

Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics of three intravenous mycophenolate mofetil concentrations in healthy Standardbred mares.

Abstract: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is the prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA) which acts as an immunosuppressive agent. During the biotransformation of MMF to MPA, additional metabolites including MPA phenol glucuronide (MPAG), MPA acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) and MPA phenol glucoside (MPG) are formed. Objective: To define the noncompartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of three single doses of intravenous (i.v.) MMF and its downstream metabolites in healthy horses. Methods: Six healthy Standardbred mares. Methods: Generic MMF (Par Pharmaceuticals; Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA) was reconstituted and administered as a single i.v. bolus at 1.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg with an eight day washout between treatments. Blood samples were collected immediately before MMF administration and over 24 h. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed following FDA guidance to determine plasma MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG concentrations. Plasma concentrations were analysed independently, followed by calculation of geometric mean and coefficient of variation. Results: Noncompartmental PK parameters were determined for MMF and all metabolites at all doses. MMF was rapidly converted to MPA in all horses. Each incremental dose of MMF resulted in increases in C and AUC _obs for MPA and the three additional metabolites. Within the 10-fold dose range, the increase in C and AUC _obs for MMF and its metabolites was nonlinear. Conclusions: Horses biotransform MMF into MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG via the glucuronidation and glucosidation clearance pathways. Equine reference PK profiles for MPA and the metabolites, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG were established. Background: Le mycophénolate mofétil (MMF) est le précurseur de l'acide mycophénolique (MPA) qui agit comme agent immunosuppresseur. Au cours de la biotransformation du MMF en MPA, des métabolites supplémentaires, notamment le phénol glucuronide de MPA (MPAG), l'acyl glucuronide de MPA (AcMPAG) et le phénol glucoside de MPA (MPG), sont formés. Objective: Définir les paramètres pharmacocinétiques (PK) non compartimentaux de trois doses uniques de MMF par voie intraveineuse (i.v.) et de ses métabolites en aval chez des chevaux sains. Animaux : Six juments trotteur américain sains. Matériels et méthodes : Le MMF générique (Par Pharmaceuticals ; Chestnut Ridge, NY, États-Unis) a été reconstitué et administré en une seule injection i.v. bolus à 1,0 mg/kg, 5,0 mg/kg et 10,0 mg/kg avec un sevrage de huit jours entre les traitements. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés immédiatement avant l'administration de MMF et sur 24 h. Un test de chromatographie liquide-spectrométrie de masse en tandem a été développé conformément aux directives de la FDA pour déterminer les concentrations plasmatiques de MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG et MPG. Les concentrations plasmatiques ont été analysées indépendamment, suivies du calcul de la moyenne géométrique et du coefficient de variation. Résultats : Les paramètres pharmacocinétiques non compartimentaux ont été déterminés pour le MMF et tous les métabolites à toutes les doses. Le MMF a été rapidement converti en MPA chez tous les chevaux. Chaque dose supplémentaire de MMF a entraîné une augmentation de la C et de l'ASC _obs pour le MPA et les trois métabolites supplémentaires. Dans la gamme de doses de 10 fois, l'augmentation de la C et de l’ AUC _obs pour le MMF et ses métabolites n'était pas linéaire. Conclusions et pertinence clinique : Les chevaux biotransforment le MMF en MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG et MPG via les voies de glucuronidation et de clairance de la glucosidation. Des profils PK équins de référence pour le MPA et les métabolites MPAG, AcMPAG et MPG ont été établis. Introducción- El micofenolato mofetilo (MMF) es el profármaco del ácido micofenólico (MPA) que actúa como agente inmunosupresor. Durante la biotransformación de MMF a MPA, se forman metabolitos adicionales que incluyen MPA fenol glucurónido (MPAG), MPA acil glucurónido (AcMPAG) y MPA fenol glucósido (MPG). Objetivo- Definir los parámetros farmacocinéticos (PK) no compartimentales de tres dosis únicas de MMF intravenoso (i.v.) y sus metabolitos progresivos en caballos sanos. Animales- Seis yeguas sanas de raza estándar. Materiales y métodos- MMF genérico (Par Pharmaceuticals; Chestnut Ridge, NY, EE. UU.) se reconstituyó y se administró como una dosis única en un bolo i.v a 1,0 mg/kg, 5,0 mg/kg y 10,0 mg/kg con un lavado de ocho días entre tratamientos. Las muestras de sangre se recogieron inmediatamente antes de la administración de MMF y tras 24 h. Se desarrolló un ensayo de cromatografía líquida-espectrometría de masas en tándem siguiendo las directrices de la FDA para determinar las concentraciones plasmáticas de MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG y MPG. Las concentraciones plasmáticas se analizaron de forma independiente, seguido del cálculo de la media geométrica y el coeficiente de variación. Resultados- Se determinaron los parámetros farmacocinéticos no compartimentales para MMF y todos los metabolitos en todas las dosis. MMF se convirtió rápidamente en MPA en todos los caballos. Cada dosis incremental de MMF resultó en aumentos en C y AUC _obs para MPA y los tres metabolitos adicionales. Dentro del rango de dosis de 10 veces, el aumento en C y AUC _obs para MMF y sus metabolitos no fue lineal. Conclusiones y relevancia clínica- Los caballos biotransforman MMF en MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG y MPG a través de las vías de eliminación de glucuronidación y glucosidación. Se establecieron perfiles farmacocinéticos de referencia equina para MPA y los metabolitos, MPAG, AcMPAG y MPG. Hintergrund: Mycophenolat Mofetil (MMF) ist der Vorläufer von Mycophenolsäure (MPA), die als immunsupprimierendes Agens wirkt. Während der Biotransformation von MMF zu MPA werden weitere Metaboliten wie MPA Phenolglucuronid (MPAG), MPA Acylglucuronid (AcMPAG) und MPA Phenolglukosid (MPG) gebildet. Ziel: Die Definition von nicht kompartimentierten pharmakokinetischen (PK) Parametern von drei Einzeldosen intravenöser (i.v.) MMF und seiner nachfolgenden Metaboliten bei gesunden Pferden. Tiere: Sechs gesunde Standardbred Stuten. Materialien und Methoden: Generische MMF (Par Pharmaceuticals; Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA) wurden rekonstituiert und als Einzeldosen i.v. als Bolus von 1,0 mg/kg, 5,0 mg/kg und 10,0 mg/kg mit einer acht-tägigen Auswaschzeit zwischen den Behandlungen verabreicht. Es wurden unmittelbar vor der MMF Verabreichung und über einen Zeitraum von 24 h Blutproben genommen. Ein Liquid Chromatografie-Tandem Massenspektrometrie Assay wurde nach FDA Auflagen entwickelt, um Plasma MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG und MPG Konzentrationen zu bestimmen. Die Plasmakonzentrationen wurden, gefolgt von einer Kalkulation des geometrischen Mittels und des Variationskoeffizienten, unabhängig analysiert. Ergebnisse: Nicht kompartimentalisierte PK Parameter wurden für MMF und alle seine Metaboliten bei allen Dosierungen bestimmt. MMF wurde bei allen Pferden rasch zu MPA konvertiert. Jede zunehmende Dosis von MMF ergab Zunahmen von C und AUC_ obs für MPA und die zusätzlichen drei Metaboliten. Innerhalb des 10-fachen Dosisbereichs war die Zunahme von C und AUC_ obs für MMF und seine Metaboliten nicht linear. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung: Bei Pferden erfolgt eine Biotransformation von MMF zu MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG und MPG über den Ausscheidungszyklus der Glukuronidierung und Glukosidierung. Es wurden Referenzwerte der PK Profile für MPA und seine Metaboliten, MPAG, AcMPAG und MPG erstellt. 背景- ミコフェノール酸モフェチル(MMF)はミコフェノール酸(MPA)のプロドラッグであり、免疫抑制剤として作用する。MMFからMPAへの生体内変換の過程で、MPAフェノールグルクロニド(MPAG)、MPAアシルグルクロニド(AcMPAG)およびMPAフェノールグルコシド(MPG)などの代謝物がさらに生成される。 目的- 本研究の目的は、健常馬にMMFを単回3回静脈内投与し、その下流代謝物のノンコンパートメント薬物動態(PK)パラメータを明らかにすることであった。 供試動物- 健常スタンダードブレッド種牝馬6頭 材料と方法- ジェネリックMMF(Par Pharmaceuticals; Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA)を再構成し、1.0 mg/kg、5.0 mg/kg、10.0 mg/kgを単回静脈内ボーラス投与し、投与後8日間のウォッシュアウト期間を設けた。血漿中のMMF、MPA、MPAG、AcMPAGおよびMPG濃度を測定するために、FDAガイダンスに従って液体クロマトグラフィー-タンデム質量解析法が開発された。血漿中濃度は独立して解析され、幾何平均および変動係数が算出された。 結果- MMFおよび全代謝物について、全用量におけるノンコンパートメントPKパラメータを決定した。MMFはすべての馬で速やかにMPAに変換された。MMFの投与量が増加するごとに、MPAおよび3つの追加代謝物のCmaxおよびAUCinf_obsは増加した。10倍の用量範囲では、MMFおよびその代謝物のCmaxおよびAUCinf_obsの増加は非線形であった。 結論と臨床的意義- 馬はMMFをグルクロン酸化およびグルコシドリデーションクリアランス経路を経て、MPA、MPAG、AcMPAGおよびMPGに生体内移行させる。MPAおよびその代謝物であるMPAG、AcMPAGおよびMPGの馬参照PKプロファイルが確立された。. 背景:吗替麦考酚酯 (MMF) 是作为免疫抑制剂的麦考酚酸 (MPA) 的前体药物。在 MMF 生物转化为 MPA 的过程中,形成了其他代谢物,包括 MPA 苯酚葡糖苷酸 (MPAG)、MPA酰基葡糖苷酸 (AcMPAG) 和 MPA 苯酚葡糖苷酸 (MPG)。 目的:定义健康马的3次单独静脉 (i.v.) 给药 MMF 及其下游代谢产物的非房室药代动力学 (PK) 参数。 动物:6只健康标准繁殖母马。 材料和方法:复溶通用MMF(Par Pharmaceuticals;Chestnut Ridge,NY,USA),并以1.0 mg/kg、5.0 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg的剂量单次静脉推注给药,两次给药之间间隔8天洗脱期。在 MMF 给药前即刻和 24 h 内采集血样。根据 FDA 指南开发了液相色谱-串联质谱法,以测定血浆MMF、MPA、MPAG、AcMPAG和 MPG 浓度。单独分析血浆浓度,然后计算几何平均值和变异系数。 结果:测定了所有剂量下 MMF 和所有代谢物的非房室 PK 参数。所有马中的 MMF 均迅速转化为MPA。MMF 的每个递增剂量导致 MPA 和另外三种代谢物的 Cmax 和AUCinf_obs增加。在10倍剂量范围内,MMF及其代谢物的 Cmax 和AUCinf_obs呈非线性增加。 结论和临床相关性:马通过葡萄糖醛酸化和糖苷化清除途径,将 MMF 生物转化为MPA、MPAG、AcMPAG和MPG。确定了 MPA 及其代谢物MPAG、AcMPAG和 MPG 的马参考 PK 曲线。. Contexto - O micofenolato de mofetila (MMF) é o precursor do ácido micofenólico (MPA) que age como um agente imunossupressor. Durante a biotransformação do MMF em MPA, metabólitos adicionais incluindo MPA fenolglicuronídeo (MPAG), MPA acilglicuronídeo (AcMPAG) e MPA fenolglicosídeo (MPG) são formados. Objetivo - Definir os parâmetros da farmacocinética (PK) não compartimental de três doses únicas de MMF intravenoso (IV) e sua cascara de metabólitos em cavalos saudáveis. Animais - Seis éguas saudáveis Standarbred. Materiais e métodos - MMF genérico (Par Pharmaceuticals; Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA) foi reconstituído e administrado em uma dose única em bolus IV a 1,0 mg/kg, 5,0 mg/kg e 10,0 mg/kg com um intervalo de oito dias entre tratamentos As amostras de sangue foram coletadas imediatamente antes da administração de MMF e após 24 horas. Um ensaio de espectrometria de massa em tandem líquido foi desenvolvido seguindo as diretrizes do FDA para determinar as concentrações plasmáticas de MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG e MPG. As concentrações plasmáticas foram analisadas de forma independente, seguido pelo cálculo da média geométrica e do coeficiente de variação. Resultados - Os parâmetros da PK não compartimental foram determinados para MMF e todos os metabólitos em todas as doses. MMF foi rapidamente convertido a MPA em todos os cavalos. Cada incremento na dose de MMF resultou em aumentos de C e AUC _obs para MPA e os três metabólitos adicionais. Dentro do intervalo de dose de 10 vezes, o aumento de C e AUC _obs para MMF e seus metábólitos foi não linear. Conclusões e relevância clínica - Os equinos biotransformam MMF em MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG e MPAG pelas vias de depuração de glicuronidação e glucosidação. Os perfis de referência de PK em equinos para MPA e seus metabólitos, MPAG, AcMPAG foram estabelecidos.
Publication Date: 2022-08-05 PubMed ID: 35929548DOI: 10.1111/vde.13109Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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The study investigates the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics of three single doses of intravenously administered Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and its downstream metabolites in healthy horses, specifically Standardbred mares.

The Objective of this Study

  • To investigate the noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of three different single doses of MMF and their downstream metabolites in healthy standardbred mares.

Methodology

  • Six healthy Standardbred mares participated in the study.
  • Generic MMF was reconstituted and administered through a single IV bolus at three different doses – 1.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg with an eight-day washout interval between dosages.
  • Blood samples were collected immediately before administering MMF and over the next 24 hours.
  • A specific assay was developed following FDA guidelines to measure blood plasma concentrations of MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG (components and metabolites in the drug). These concentrations were analyzed separately, and later the geometric mean and coefficient of variation were computed.

Results

  • Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic factors were identified for MMF and all its metabolites at all dosages.
  • The conversion of MMF to MPA was found to be rapid in all horses.
  • Each increase in MMF dosage resulted in risings in concentrations of MPA and the three additional metabolites.
  • It was observed that the increase in bioavailability and distribution of MMF and its metabolites did not have a linear relationship across the tenfold dosage range.

Conclusions

  • The study found that horses metabolize MMF into MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG, and MPG via the glucuronidation and glucosidation clearance pathways.
  • Based on these observations, equine reference pharmacokinetic profiles for MPA and the metabolites (MPAG, AcMPAG, and MPG) were established.

Cite This Article

APA
Burroughs DL, Lorch G, Guo Y, Hill K, Schroeder EL, Cole LK, Phelps MA. (2022). Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics of three intravenous mycophenolate mofetil concentrations in healthy Standardbred mares. Vet Dermatol, 34(3), 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13109

Publication

ISSN: 1365-3164
NlmUniqueID: 9426187
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 222-234

Researcher Affiliations

Burroughs, Dylan L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Lorch, Gwendolen
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Guo, Yizhen
  • Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Hill, Kasey
  • Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Schroeder, Eric L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Cole, Lynette K
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Phelps, Mitch A
  • Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Female
  • Mycophenolic Acid / therapeutic use
  • Glucuronides / pharmacokinetics
  • Veterinary Drugs
  • Immunosuppressive Agents / therapeutic use
  • Phenols
  • Area Under Curve

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Bello K, Lorch G, Kim K, Toribio RE, Yan L, Xie Z, Hill K, Phelps M. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of multiple-day oral dosing of mycophenolate mofetil in healthy horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Sep-Oct;37(5):1907-1916.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16797pubmed: 37469186google scholar: lookup