FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Emerging infectious diseases2012; 18(12); 1976-1982; doi: 10.3201/eid1812.120498

Nonprimate hepaciviruses in domestic horses, United kingdom.

Abstract: Although the origin of hepatitis C virus infections in humans remains undetermined, a close homolog of this virus, termed canine hepacivirus (CHV) and found in respiratory secretions of dogs, provides evidence for a wider distribution of hepaciviruses in mammals. We determined frequencies of active infection among dogs and other mammals in the United Kingdom. Samples from dogs (46 respiratory, 99 plasma, 45 autopsy samples) were CHV negative by PCR. Screening of 362 samples from cats, horses, donkeys, rodents, and pigs identified 3 (2%) positive samples from 142 horses. These samples were genetically divergent from CHV and nonprimate hepaciviruses that horses were infected with during 2012 in New York state, USA. Investigation of infected horses demonstrated nonprimate hepacivirus persistence, high viral loads in plasma (10(5)-10(7) RNA copies/mL), and liver function test results usually within reference ranges, although several values ranged from high normal to mildly elevated. Disease associations and host range of nonprimate hepaciviruses warrant further investigation.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-11-23 PubMed ID: 23171728PubMed Central: PMC3557883DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120498Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the origin and presence of nonprimate hepaciviruses in domestic horses in the United Kingdom. The results showed no presence of the virus in dogs, but they found it in 2% of horses. Interestingly, the viruses in these horses showed significant genetic divergence from those previously found in the United States.

Methodology

  • The study determined the frequency of active infection among several mammals in the United Kingdom.
  • They collected samples from dogs, cats, horses, donkeys, rodents, and pigs.
  • They screened a total of 362 samples: 46 respiratory, 99 plasma, and 45 autopsy samples from dogs, and other samples from the remaining animals.
  • The screening process of samples was done using PCR (polymerase chain reaction), a technique used to make copies of a specific DNA segment.

Results

  • The results of the PCR tests on dog samples were negative for canine hepacivirus (CHV).
  • Out of the 142 horse samples, 3 (or 2%) tested positive for nonprimate hepaciviruses.
  • These positive samples were found to be genetically different from the CHV and from nonprimate hepaciviruses that affected horses in New York state, USA, in 2012.
  • It was observed that nonprimate hepaciviruses could persist in horses, and the viral loads in plasma were high, between 10(5)-10(7) RNA copies/mL.
  • Also, while the liver function test results were mostly within normal ranges, some values ranged from high normal to mildly elevated.

Further Implications

  • The discovery of nonprimate hepacivirus in horses and its genetic divergence from previously known strains emphasizes the need for further research into disease associations and host range of nonprimate hepaciviruses.
  • The presence of high viral loads in the plasma and the potential effects on liver function also highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring and research.

Cite This Article

APA
Lyons S, Kapoor A, Sharp C, Schneider BS, Wolfe ND, Culshaw G, Corcoran B, McGorum BC, Simmonds P. (2012). Nonprimate hepaciviruses in domestic horses, United kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis, 18(12), 1976-1982. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.120498

Publication

Emerging infectious diseases
ISSN: 1080-6059
NlmUniqueID: 9508155
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 12
Pages: 1976-1982

Researcher Affiliations

Lyons, Sinéad
  • University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Kapoor, Amit
    Sharp, Colin
      Schneider, Bradley S
        Wolfe, Nathan D
          Culshaw, Geoff
            Corcoran, Brendan
              McGorum, Bruce C
                Simmonds, Peter

                  MeSH Terms

                  • 5' Untranslated Regions
                  • Animals
                  • Cats
                  • Dogs
                  • Hepacivirus / classification
                  • Hepacivirus / genetics
                  • Hepacivirus / isolation & purification
                  • Hepatitis C / veterinary
                  • Hepatitis C / virology
                  • Horse Diseases / virology
                  • Horses
                  • Humans
                  • Mice
                  • Molecular Sequence Data
                  • Phylogeny
                  • RNA, Viral
                  • Swine
                  • Viral Load
                  • Viral Nonstructural Proteins / genetics

                  References

                  This article includes 32 references
                  1. Jacobson IM, Davis GL, El-Serag H, Negro F, Trépo C. Prevalence and challenges of liver diseases in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010 Nov;8(11):924-33; quiz e117.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.06.032pubmed: 20713178google scholar: lookup
                  2. Mühlberger N, Schwarzer R, Lettmeier B, Sroczynski G, Zeuzem S, Siebert U. HCV-related burden of disease in Europe: a systematic assessment of incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality.. BMC Public Health 2009 Jan 22;9:34.
                    doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-34pmc: PMC2656539pubmed: 19161623google scholar: lookup
                  3. Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C, Deléage G, Enomoto N, Feinstone S, Halfon P, Inchauspé G, Kuiken C, Maertens G, Mizokami M, Murphy DG, Okamoto H, Pawlotsky JM, Penin F, Sablon E, Shin-I T, Stuyver LJ, Thiel HJ, Viazov S, Weiner AJ, Widell A. Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes.. Hepatology 2005 Oct;42(4):962-73.
                    doi: 10.1002/hep.20819pubmed: 16149085google scholar: lookup
                  4. Ruggieri A, Argentini C, Kouruma F, Chionne P, D'Ugo E, Spada E, Dettori S, Sabbatani S, Rapicetta M. Heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 variants in West Central Africa (Guinea Conakry).. J Gen Virol 1996 Sep;77 ( Pt 9):2073-6.
                    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-9-2073pubmed: 8811005google scholar: lookup
                  5. Jeannel D, Fretz C, Traore Y, Kohdjo N, Bigot A, Pê Gamy E, Jourdan G, Kourouma K, Maertens G, Fumoux F, Fournel JJ, Stuyver L. Evidence for high genetic diversity and long-term endemicity of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa.. J Med Virol 1998 Jun;55(2):92-7.
                    doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199806)55:2<92::AID-JMV2>3.0.CO;2-Ipubmed: 9598927google scholar: lookup
                  6. Candotti D, Temple J, Sarkodie F, Allain JP. Frequent recovery and broad genotype 2 diversity characterize hepatitis C virus infection in Ghana, West Africa.. J Virol 2003 Jul;77(14):7914-23.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.14.7914-7923.2003pmc: PMC161936pubmed: 12829831google scholar: lookup
                  7. Ndjomou J, Pybus OG, Matz B. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates indicates a unique pattern of endemic infection in Cameroon.. J Gen Virol 2003 Sep;84(Pt 9):2333-2341.
                    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19240-0pubmed: 12917453google scholar: lookup
                  8. Smith DB, Pathirana S, Davidson F, Lawlor E, Power J, Yap PL, Simmonds P. The origin of hepatitis C virus genotypes.. J Gen Virol 1997 Feb;78 ( Pt 2):321-8.
                    pubmed: 9018053doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-2-321google scholar: lookup
                  9. Tokita H, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Song P, Nakata S, Chosa T, Iizuka H, Mishiro S, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. Hepatitis C virus variants from Vietnam are classifiable into the seventh, eighth, and ninth major genetic groups.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Nov 8;91(23):11022-6.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.11022pmc: PMC45158pubmed: 7972001google scholar: lookup
                  10. Pybus OG, Drummond AJ, Nakano T, Robertson BH, Rambaut A. The epidemiology and iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a Bayesian coalescent approach.. Mol Biol Evol 2003 Mar;20(3):381-7.
                    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msg043pubmed: 12644558google scholar: lookup
                  11. Frank C, Mohamed MK, Strickland GT, Lavanchy D, Arthur RR, Magder LS, El Khoby T, Abdel-Wahab Y, Aly Ohn ES, Anwar W, Sallam I. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt.. Lancet 2000 Mar 11;355(9207):887-91.
                    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06527-7pubmed: 10752705google scholar: lookup
                  12. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection.. Lancet Infect Dis 2005 Sep;5(9):558-67.
                    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70216-4pubmed: 16122679google scholar: lookup
                  13. Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Paraskevis D, Ho SY, Shapiro B, Pybus OG, Allain JP, Hatzakis A. The global spread of hepatitis C virus 1a and 1b: a phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis.. PLoS Med 2009 Dec;6(12):e1000198.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000198pmc: PMC2795363pubmed: 20041120google scholar: lookup
                  14. Pybus OG, Cochrane A, Holmes EC, Simmonds P. The hepatitis C virus epidemic among injecting drug users.. Infect Genet Evol 2005 Mar;5(2):131-9.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2004.08.001pubmed: 15639745google scholar: lookup
                  15. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes.. Nature 1999 Feb 4;397(6718):436-41.
                    doi: 10.1038/17130pubmed: 9989410google scholar: lookup
                  16. Bailes E, Gao F, Bibollet-Ruche F, Courgnaud V, Peeters M, Marx PA, Hahn BH, Sharp PM. Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees.. Science 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1713.
                    doi: 10.1126/science.1080657pubmed: 12805540google scholar: lookup
                  17. Makuwa M, Souquière S, Telfer P, Leroy E, Bourry O, Rouquet P, Clifford S, Wickings EJ, Roques P, Simon F. Occurrence of hepatitis viruses in wild-born non-human primates: a 3 year (1998-2001) epidemiological survey in Gabon.. J Med Primatol 2003 Dec;32(6):307-14.
                    doi: 10.1046/j.1600-0684.2003.00042.xpubmed: 14641785google scholar: lookup
                  18. Makuwa M, Souquière S, Telfer P, Bourry O, Rouquet P, Kazanji M, Roques P, Simon F. Hepatitis viruses in non-human primates.. J Med Primatol 2006 Dec;35(6):384-7.
                    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00163.xpubmed: 17214667google scholar: lookup
                  19. Bukh J. Hepatitis C homolog in dogs with respiratory illness.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Aug 2;108(31):12563-4.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107612108pmc: PMC3150949pubmed: 21768355google scholar: lookup
                  20. Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Muerhoff AS, Erker JC, Buijk SL, Chalmers ML. Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995 Apr 11;92(8):3401-5.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3401pmc: PMC42174pubmed: 7724574google scholar: lookup
                  21. Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Dawson GJ, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Schlauder GG, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. Genomic organization of GB viruses A and B: two new members of the Flaviviridae associated with GB agent hepatitis.. J Virol 1995 Sep;69(9):5621-30.
                    pmc: PMC189418pubmed: 7637008doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.9.5621-5630.1995google scholar: lookup
                  22. Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Gerold G, Qaisar N, Jain K, Henriquez JA, Firth C, Hirschberg DL, Rice CM, Shields S, Lipkin WI. Characterization of a canine homolog of hepatitis C virus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Jul 12;108(28):11608-13.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1101794108pmc: PMC3136326pubmed: 21610165google scholar: lookup
                  23. Burbelo PD, Dubovi EJ, Simmonds P, Medina JL, Henriquez JA, Mishra N, Wagner J, Tokarz R, Cullen JM, Iadarola MJ, Rice CM, Lipkin WI, Kapoor A. Serology-enabled discovery of genetically diverse hepaciviruses in a new host.. J Virol 2012 Jun;86(11):6171-8.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00250-12pmc: PMC3372197pubmed: 22491452google scholar: lookup
                  24. Simmonds P. SSE: a nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis platform.. BMC Res Notes 2012 Jan 20;5:50.
                    doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-50pmc: PMC3292810pubmed: 22264264google scholar: lookup
                  25. Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods.. Mol Biol Evol 2011 Oct;28(10):2731-9.
                    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr121pmc: PMC3203626pubmed: 21546353google scholar: lookup
                  26. Bukh J, Apgar CL, Govindarajan S, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Failure to infect rhesus monkeys with hepatitis C virus strains of genotypes 1a, 2a or 3a.. J Viral Hepat 2001 May;8(3):228-31.
                    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00284.xpubmed: 11380802google scholar: lookup
                  27. Bukh J, Apgar CL, Govindarajan S, Purcell RH. Host range studies of GB virus-B hepatitis agent, the closest relative of hepatitis C virus, in New World monkeys and chimpanzees.. J Med Virol 2001 Dec;65(4):694-7.
                    doi: 10.1002/jmv.2092pubmed: 11745933google scholar: lookup
                  28. Beames B, Chavez D, Lanford RE. GB virus B as a model for hepatitis C virus.. ILAR J 2001;42(2):152-60.
                    pubmed: 11406717doi: 10.1093/ilar.42.2.152google scholar: lookup
                  29. Ishii K, Iijima S, Kimura N, Lee YJ, Ageyama N, Yagi S, Yamaguchi K, Maki N, Mori K, Yoshizaki S, Machida S, Suzuki T, Iwata N, Sata T, Terao K, Miyamura T, Akari H. GBV-B as a pleiotropic virus: distribution of GBV-B in extrahepatic tissues in vivo.. Microbes Infect 2007 Apr;9(4):515-21.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.01.010pubmed: 17349810google scholar: lookup
                  30. Iwasaki Y, Mori K, Ishii K, Maki N, Iijima S, Yoshida T, Okabayashi S, Katakai Y, Lee YJ, Saito A, Fukai H, Kimura N, Ageyama N, Yoshizaki S, Suzuki T, Yasutomi Y, Miyamura T, Kannagi M, Akari H. Long-Term Persistent GBV-B Infection and Development of a Chronic and Progressive Hepatitis C-Like Disease in Marmosets.. Front Microbiol 2011;2:240.
                    pmc: PMC3267178pubmed: 22319510doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00240google scholar: lookup
                  31. Klenerman P, Thimme R. T cell responses in hepatitis C: the good, the bad and the unconventional.. Gut 2012 Aug;61(8):1226-34.
                    doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300620pubmed: 21873736google scholar: lookup
                  32. Guidotti LG, Chisari FV. Immunobiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis.. Annu Rev Pathol 2006;1:23-61.
                    doi: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100230pubmed: 18039107google scholar: lookup

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 52 times.
                  1. Yuan S, Yao XY, Lian CY, Kong S, Shao JW, Zhang XL. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of bovine hepacivirus identified in ticks collected from cattle in Harbin, northeastern China. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1093898.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1093898pubmed: 36937022google scholar: lookup
                  2. Cavalleri JV, Korbacska-Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):1858-1871.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16581pubmed: 36367340google scholar: lookup
                  3. Pacchiarotti G, Nardini R, Scicluna MT. Equine Hepacivirus: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Serological and Biomolecular Prevalence and a Phylogenetic Update. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 20;12(19).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12192486pubmed: 36230228google scholar: lookup
                  4. Jiang J, Hao Y, He B, Su L, Li X, Liu X, Chen C, Chen L, Zhao Z, Mi S, Deng X, Gong W, Tu C. Severe Acute Hepatitis Outbreaks Associated with a Novel Hepacivirus in Rhizomys pruinosus in Hainan, China. J Virol 2022 Sep 14;96(17):e0078222.
                    doi: 10.1128/jvi.00782-22pubmed: 36005760google scholar: lookup
                  5. Gömer A, Puff C, Reinecke B, Bracht S, Conze M, Baumgärtner W, Steinmann J, Feige K, Cavalleri JMV, Steinmann E, Todt D. Experimental cross-species infection of donkeys with equine hepacivirus and analysis of host immune signatures. One Health Outlook 2022 May 9;4(1):9.
                    doi: 10.1186/s42522-022-00065-ypubmed: 35527255google scholar: lookup
                  6. Satué K, Miguel-Pastor L, Chicharro D, Gardón JC. Hepatic Enzyme Profile in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 29;12(7).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12070861pubmed: 35405850google scholar: lookup
                  7. Zhang XL, Yao XY, Zhang YQ, Lv ZH, Liu H, Sun J, Shao JW. A Highly Divergent Hepacivirus Identified in Domestic Ducks Further Reveals the Genetic Diversity of Hepaciviruses. Viruses 2022 Feb 11;14(2).
                    doi: 10.3390/v14020371pubmed: 35215964google scholar: lookup
                  8. Shao JW, Guo LY, Yuan YX, Ma J, Chen JM, Liu Q. A Novel Subtype of Bovine Hepacivirus Identified in Ticks Reveals the Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Bovine Hepacivirus. Viruses 2021 Nov 2;13(11).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13112206pubmed: 34835012google scholar: lookup
                  9. Altan E, Hui A, Li Y, Pesavento P, Asín J, Crossley B, Deng X, Uzal FA, Delwart E. New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia. Viruses 2021 Aug 14;13(8).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13081612pubmed: 34452477google scholar: lookup
                  10. Sims S, Michaelsen K, Burkhard S, Fraefel C. In Vitro Comparison of the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Activity from Rodent Hepacivirus and Pegivirus and Construction of Pseudoparticles. Adv Virol 2021;2021:5569844.
                    doi: 10.1155/2021/5569844pubmed: 34422054google scholar: lookup
                  11. Bletsa M, Vrancken B, Gryseels S, Boonen I, Fikatas A, Li Y, Laudisoit A, Lequime S, Bryja J, Makundi R, Meheretu Y, Akaibe BD, Mbalitini SG, Van de Perre F, Van Houtte N, Těšíková J, Wollants E, Van Ranst M, Pybus OG, Drexler JF, Verheyen E, Leirs H, Gouy de Bellocq J, Lemey P. Molecular detection and genomic characterization of diverse hepaciviruses in African rodents. Virus Evol 2021 Jan;7(1):veab036.
                    doi: 10.1093/ve/veab036pubmed: 34221451google scholar: lookup
                  12. Câmara RJF, Bueno BL, Resende CF, Balasuriya UBR, Sakamoto SM, Reis JKPD. Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 25;10(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani10122203pubmed: 33255568google scholar: lookup
                  13. Pronost S, Fortier C, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Tapprest J, Foursin M, Saunier B, Pitel PH, Paillot R, Hue ES. Further Evidence for in Utero Transmission of Equine Hepacivirus to Foals. Viruses 2019 Dec 5;11(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/v11121124pubmed: 31817371google scholar: lookup
                  14. Badenhorst M, de Heus P, Auer A, Rümenapf T, Tegtmeyer B, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JV. No Evidence of Mosquito Involvement in the Transmission of Equine Hepacivirus (Flaviviridae) in an Epidemiological Survey of Austrian Horses. Viruses 2019 Nov 1;11(11).
                    doi: 10.3390/v11111014pubmed: 31683893google scholar: lookup
                  15. Altan E, Li Y, Sabino-Santos G Jr, Sawaswong V, Barnum S, Pusterla N, Deng X, Delwart E. Viruses in Horses with Neurologic and Respiratory Diseases. Viruses 2019 Oct 14;11(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/v11100942pubmed: 31614994google scholar: lookup
                  16. Rasche A, Sander AL, Corman VM, Drexler JF. Evolutionary biology of human hepatitis viruses. J Hepatol 2019 Mar;70(3):501-520.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.010pubmed: 30472320google scholar: lookup
                  17. Ramsay JD, Evanoff R, Mealey RH. Hepacivirus A Infection in Horses Defines Distinct Envelope Hypervariable Regions and Elucidates Potential Roles of Viral Strain and Adaptive Immune Status in Determining Envelope Diversity and Infection Outcome. J Virol 2018 Sep 15;92(18).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00314-18pubmed: 29976666google scholar: lookup
                  18. Boukadida C, Fritz M, Blumen B, Fogeron ML, Penin F, Martin A. NS2 proteases from hepatitis C virus and related hepaciviruses share composite active sites and previously unrecognized intrinsic proteolytic activities. PLoS Pathog 2018 Feb;14(2):e1006863.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006863pubmed: 29415072google scholar: lookup
                  19. Tanaka T, Otoguro T, Yamashita A, Kasai H, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y, Moriishi K. Roles of the 5' Untranslated Region of Nonprimate Hepacivirus in Translation Initiation and Viral Replication. J Virol 2018 Apr 1;92(7).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01997-17pubmed: 29343570google scholar: lookup
                  20. Lu G, Huang J, Yang Q, Xu H, Wu P, Fu C, Li S. Identification and genetic characterization of hepacivirus and pegivirus in commercial equine serum products in China. PLoS One 2017;12(12):e0189208.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189208pubmed: 29216266google scholar: lookup
                  21. Hayashi S, Tanaka T, Moriishi K, Hirayama K, Yamada A, Hotta K. Seroepidemiology of non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV) in Japanese native horses. J Vet Med Sci 2018 Feb 2;80(1):186-189.
                    doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0527pubmed: 29187712google scholar: lookup
                  22. Canal CW, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, Silva MS, Puhl DE, Stalder H, Peterhans E. A Novel Genetic Group of Bovine Hepacivirus in Archival Serum Samples from Brazilian Cattle. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:4732520.
                    doi: 10.1155/2017/4732520pubmed: 28904959google scholar: lookup
                  23. Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira-Soto A, Pfaender S, Bletsa M, Corman VM, Aguilar-Setien A, García-Lacy F, Hans A, Todt D, Schuler G, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Steinman A, Roncoroni C, Veneziano V, Rusenova N, Sandev N, Rusenov A, Zapryanova D, García-Bocanegra I, Jores J, Carluccio A, Veronesi MC, Cavalleri JMV, Drosten C, Lemey P, Steinmann E, Drexler JF. Differential Infection Patterns and Recent Evolutionary Origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in Donkeys. J Virol 2017 Jan 1;91(1).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01711-16pubmed: 27795428google scholar: lookup
                  24. Hartlage AS, Cullen JM, Kapoor A. The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses. Annu Rev Virol 2016 Sep 29;3(1):53-75.
                    doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055104pubmed: 27741408google scholar: lookup
                  25. Smith DB, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, Muerhoff AS, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Stapleton JT, Simmonds P. Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family. J Gen Virol 2016 Nov;97(11):2894-2907.
                    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000612pubmed: 27692039google scholar: lookup
                  26. Gather T, Walter S, Pfaender S, Todt D, Feige K, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JM. Acute and chronic infections with nonprimate hepacivirus in young horses. Vet Res 2016 Sep 22;47(1):97.
                    doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0381-6pubmed: 27659317google scholar: lookup
                  27. Lu G, Sun L, Xu T, He D, Wang Z, Ou S, Jia K, Yuan L, Li S. First Description of Hepacivirus and Pegivirus Infection in Domestic Horses in China: A Study in Guangdong Province, Heilongjiang Province and Hong Kong District. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0155662.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155662pubmed: 27182887google scholar: lookup
                  28. Rasmussen AL. Probing the Viromic Frontiers. mBio 2015 Nov 10;6(6):e01767-15.
                    doi: 10.1128/mBio.01767-15pubmed: 26556279google scholar: lookup
                  29. Thézé J, Lowes S, Parker J, Pybus OG. Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses. Genome Biol Evol 2015 Oct 21;7(11):2996-3008.
                    doi: 10.1093/gbe/evv202pubmed: 26494702google scholar: lookup
                  30. Marnata C, Saulnier A, Mompelat D, Krey T, Cohen L, Boukadida C, Warter L, Fresquet J, Vasiliauskaite I, Escriou N, Cosset FL, Rey FA, Lanford RE, Karayiannis P, Rose NJ, Lavillette D, Martin A. Determinants Involved in Hepatitis C Virus and GB Virus B Primate Host Restriction. J Virol 2015 Dec;89(23):12131-44.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01161-15pubmed: 26401036google scholar: lookup
                  31. Kapoor A, Kumar A, Simmonds P, Bhuva N, Singh Chauhan L, Lee B, Sall AA, Jin Z, Morse SS, Shaz B, Burbelo PD, Lipkin WI. Virome Analysis of Transfusion Recipients Reveals a Novel Human Virus That Shares Genomic Features with Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses. mBio 2015 Sep 22;6(5):e01466-15.
                    doi: 10.1128/mBio.01466-15pubmed: 26396247google scholar: lookup
                  32. Vilibic-Cavlek T, Kucinar J, Kaic B, Vilibic M, Pandak N, Barbic L, Stevanovic V, Vranes J. Epidemiology of hepatitis C in Croatia in the European context. World J Gastroenterol 2015 Aug 28;21(32):9476-93.
                    doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9476pubmed: 26327756google scholar: lookup
                  33. El-Attar LMR, Mitchell JA, Brooks Brownlie H, Priestnall SL, Brownlie J. Detection of non-primate hepaciviruses in UK dogs. Virology 2015 Oct;484:93-102.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.005pubmed: 26086431google scholar: lookup
                  34. Pfaender S, Brown RJ, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Natural reservoirs for homologs of hepatitis C virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014 Mar;3(3):e21.
                    doi: 10.1038/emi.2014.19pubmed: 26038514google scholar: lookup
                  35. Baechlein C, Fischer N, Grundhoff A, Alawi M, Indenbirken D, Postel A, Baron AL, Offinger J, Becker K, Beineke A, Rehage J, Becher P. Identification of a Novel Hepacivirus in Domestic Cattle from Germany. J Virol 2015 Jul;89(14):7007-15.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00534-15pubmed: 25926652google scholar: lookup
                  36. Webster DP, Klenerman P, Dusheiko GM. Hepatitis C. Lancet 2015 Mar 21;385(9973):1124-35.
                    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6pubmed: 25687730google scholar: lookup
                  37. Scheel TK, Kapoor A, Nishiuchi E, Brock KV, Yu Y, Andrus L, Gu M, Renshaw RW, Dubovi EJ, McDonough SP, Van de Walle GR, Lipkin WI, Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Rice CM. Characterization of nonprimate hepacivirus and construction of a functional molecular clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Feb 17;112(7):2192-7.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500265112pubmed: 25646476google scholar: lookup
                  38. Scheel TK, Simmonds P, Kapoor A. Surveying the global virome: identification and characterization of HCV-related animal hepaciviruses. Antiviral Res 2015 Mar;115:83-93.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.014pubmed: 25545071google scholar: lookup
                  39. Gemaque BS, Junior Souza de Souza A, do Carmo Pereira Soares M, Malheiros AP, Silva AL, Alves MM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Pinho JR, Ferreira de Figueiredo H, Ribeiro DB, Souza da Silva J, Moraes LA, Ribeiro AS, Pereira WL. Hepacivirus infection in domestic horses, Brazil, 2011-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Dec;20(12):2180-2.
                    doi: 10.3201/eid2012.140603pubmed: 25420101google scholar: lookup
                  40. Tanaka T, Kasai H, Yamashita A, Okuyama-Dobashi K, Yasumoto J, Maekawa S, Enomoto N, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y, Morimatsu M, Manabe N, Ochiai K, Yamashita K, Moriishi K. Hallmarks of hepatitis C virus in equine hepacivirus. J Virol 2014 Nov;88(22):13352-66.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02280-14pubmed: 25210167google scholar: lookup
                  41. Sibley SD, Lauck M, Bailey AL, Hyeroba D, Tumukunde A, Weny G, Chapman CA, O'Connor DH, Goldberg TL, Friedrich TC. Discovery and characterization of distinct simian pegiviruses in three wild African Old World monkey species. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e98569.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098569pubmed: 24918769google scholar: lookup
                  42. Boukadida C, Marnata C, Montserret R, Cohen L, Blumen B, Gouttenoire J, Moradpour D, Penin F, Martin A. NS2 proteins of GB virus B and hepatitis C virus share common protease activities and membrane topologies. J Virol 2014 Jul;88(13):7426-44.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00656-14pubmed: 24741107google scholar: lookup
                  43. Stewart H, Walter C, Jones D, Lyons S, Simmonds P, Harris M. The non-primate hepacivirus 5' untranslated region possesses internal ribosomal entry site activity. J Gen Virol 2013 Dec;94(Pt 12):2657-2663.
                    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.055764-0pubmed: 24026670google scholar: lookup
                  44. Mailly L, Robinet E, Meuleman P, Baumert TF, Zeisel MB. Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease: the quest for the best animal model. Front Microbiol 2013;4:213.
                    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00212pubmed: 23898329google scholar: lookup
                  45. Drexler JF, Corman VM, Müller MA, Lukashev AN, Gmyl A, Coutard B, Adam A, Ritz D, Leijten LM, van Riel D, Kallies R, Klose SM, Gloza-Rausch F, Binger T, Annan A, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Oppong S, Bourgarel M, Rupp D, Hoffmann B, Schlegel M, Kümmerer BM, Krüger DH, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Setién AA, Cottontail VM, Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Osterrieder K, Bartenschlager R, Matthee S, Beer M, Kuiken T, Reusken C, Leroy EM, Ulrich RG, Drosten C. Evidence for novel hepaciviruses in rodents. PLoS Pathog 2013;9(6):e1003438.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438pubmed: 23818848google scholar: lookup
                  46. Chiu C. The hidden threat of unidentified agents of disease in human and veterinary biologicals. Biologicals 2013 May;41(3):129-30.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.03.004pubmed: 23622811google scholar: lookup
                  47. Quan PL, Firth C, Conte JM, Williams SH, Zambrana-Torrelio CM, Anthony SJ, Ellison JA, Gilbert AT, Kuzmin IV, Niezgoda M, Osinubi MO, Recuenco S, Markotter W, Breiman RF, Kalemba L, Malekani J, Lindblade KA, Rostal MK, Ojeda-Flores R, Suzan G, Davis LB, Blau DM, Ogunkoya AB, Alvarez Castillo DA, Moran D, Ngam S, Akaibe D, Agwanda B, Briese T, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Rupprecht CE, Holmes EC, Lipkin WI. Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 May 14;110(20):8194-9.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303037110pubmed: 23610427google scholar: lookup
                  48. Chandriani S, Skewes-Cox P, Zhong W, Ganem DE, Divers TJ, Van Blaricum AJ, Tennant BC, Kistler AL. Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Apr 9;110(15):E1407-15.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219217110pubmed: 23509292google scholar: lookup
                  49. Atasoy MO, Turan T, Özbek R, Işıdan H, Naggar RFE, Afify AF, Rohaim MA. Evaluation of Risk Determinants and Molecular Characterisation for Non-Primate Hepacivirus Infection in Turkish Horses. Pathogens 2025 Dec 8;14(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14121256pubmed: 41471211google scholar: lookup
                  50. Fortier C, El-Hage C, Normand C, Hue ES, Sutton G, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Jeffers K, Bamford N, Oden E, Paillot R, Hartley C, Gilkerson J, Pronost S. Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Virus and Equine Hepacivirus in Archived Sera from Horses in France and Australia. Viruses 2024 May 28;16(6).
                    doi: 10.3390/v16060862pubmed: 38932156google scholar: lookup
                  51. Sallam M, Khalil R. Contemporary Insights into Hepatitis C Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024 May 21;12(6).
                    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12061035pubmed: 38930417google scholar: lookup
                  52. Nardini R, Pacchiarotti G, Svicher V, Salpini R, Bellocchi MC, Conti R, Sala MG, La Rocca D, Carioti L, Cersini A, Manna G, The Equine Hepatic Viruses Consortium, Scicluna MT. First National Prevalence in Italian Horse Population and Phylogenesis Highlight a Fourth Sub-Type Candidate of Equine Hepacivirus. Viruses 2024 Apr 16;16(4).
                    doi: 10.3390/v16040616pubmed: 38675957google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,928 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.