Oxygenation and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide.
Abstract: To assess oxygenation, ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) matching and plasma endothelin (ET-1) concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). Methods: Prospective experimental trial. Methods: Healthy adult Standardbred horses. Methods: Horses were anaesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and placed in lateral recumbency. Six control (C group) horses were anaesthetized without iNO delivery and six horses received pulse-delivered iNO (NO group). After 2.5 hours of anaesthesia isoflurane and iNO were abruptly discontinued, inhaled oxygen was reduced from 100% to approximately 30%, and the horses were moved to the recovery stall. At intervals during a 30-minute period following the discontinuation of anaesthesia, arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), plasma ET-1 concentration, pulse rate and respiratory rate were measured or calculated. Repeated measures anova and a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze data with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: At all time points in the recovery period, NO horses maintained better arterial oxygenation (oxygen partial pressure: NO 13.2 ± 2.7-11.1 ± 2.7 versus C 6.7 ± 1.1-7.1 ± 1.1 kPa) and better V/Q matching (Qs/Qt NO 0.23 ± 0.05-0.14 ± 0.06 versus C 0.48 ± 0.03-0.32 ± 0.08%) than C horses. Mixed venous oxygenation was higher in NO for 25 minutes following the discontinuation of anaesthesia (NO 6.3 ± 0.2-4.5 ± 0.07 versus C 4.7 ± 0.6-3.7 ± 0.3 kPa). In both groups of horses arterial oxygenation remained fairly stable; venous oxygenation declined over this time period in the NO group but still remained higher than venous oxygen in the C group. ET-1 concentrations were higher at most time points in C than NO. Changes in other parameters were either minor or absent. Conclusions: Delivery of iNO to healthy horses during anaesthesia results in better arterial and venous oxygenation and V/Q matching (as determined by lower Qs/Qt) and lower ET-1 concentrations throughout a 30-minute anaesthetic recovery period.
© 2012 The Authors. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. © 2012 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia.
Publication Date: 2012-07-16 PubMed ID: 22805284DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00735.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research article investigates the effect of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in horses being recovered from isoflurane anaesthesia. The study found that horses given iNO maintained better oxygen levels in their blood and improved ventilation-perfusion (V/Q), alongside reduced concentrations of plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1).
Methods and Experimental Procedure
- The study was designed as a prospective experimental trial, involving healthy adult Standardbred horses.
- Twelve horses were divided into two groups for the experiment. The control group (C group) comprised six horses that were anaesthetised with isoflurane without iNO delivery. In contrast, the second group (NO group) involved six horses that received pulse-delivered iNO while being anaesthetised with isoflurane.
- After 2.5 hours of anaesthesia, isoflurane and iNO were abruptly discontinued, inhaled oxygen was decreased from 100% to approximately 30%, and the horses were moved to a recovery stall.
- Data pertaining to arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), plasma ET-1 concentration, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were measured or calculated at intervals during a 30-minute period after discontinuation of anaesthesia.
- A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post-hoc Bonferroni test were utilized for data analysis, setting statistical significance at p < 0.05.
Key Findings of the Study
- During recovery, the NO group maintained better arterial oxygenation, better V/Q matching, and higher mixed venous oxygenation for 25 minutes after discontinuation of anaesthesia than the C group.
- Arterial oxygenation in both groups remained relatively stable; however, venous oxygenation declined with time in the NO group, despite still being higher than venous oxygen in the C group.
- In most cases, the ET-1 concentrations were observed to be higher in the C group than in the NO group.
- Changes in parameters other than the ones mentioned were either minor or did not occur.
Conclusions
- The study concluded that the delivery of iNO to healthy horses during anaesthesia leads to improved arterial and venous oxygenation and V/Q matching, as indicated by lower Qs/Qt levels.
- Furthermore, it resulted in lower ET-1 concentrations over a 30-minute anaesthetic recovery period.
Cite This Article
APA
Grubb T, Edner A, Frendin JH, Funkquist P, Rydén A, Nyman G.
(2012).
Oxygenation and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide.
Vet Anaesth Analg, 40(6), e9-e18.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00735.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USADepartment of Animal Environment and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, Inhalation / methods
- Anesthesia, Inhalation / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Inhalation
- Animals
- Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
- Endothelin-1 / blood
- Female
- Horses / blood
- Horses / surgery
- Isoflurane
- Male
- Nitric Oxide / administration & dosage
- Oxygen / blood
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Wilkens HL, Neudeck S, Kästner SBR. Nasal and tracheobronchial nitric oxide production and its influence on oxygenation in horses undergoing total intravenous anaesthesia.. BMC Vet Res 2022 Apr 11;18(1):134.
- Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 14;11(6).
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