Pathogen associated molecular pattern motifs from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria induce different inflammatory mediator profiles in equine blood.
Abstract: Although the incidence of Gram-positive infection in horses is increasing, little is known about differences in inflammatory response between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in this species. Equine blood was stimulated with components of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms: lipopolysaccharide (LPS); lipoteichoic acid (LTA); peptidoglycan (PG); with combinations of LPS, LTA and PG; and with phosphate buffered saline (control). LPS, LTA and PG stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 production but only LTA and PG stimulated IL-1β production from whole blood. LPS was a more potent inducer of TNF than either LTA or PG and both LPS and LTA were more potent inducers of IL-6 than PG. Generally, combinations of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) did not elicit greater inflammatory mediator responses when compared to LPS, LTA or PG alone, although there was some synergism between the effects of LPS and LTA. The repertoire of inflammatory mediators provoked by Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative motifs is thus distinctly different. As novel immunomodulatory therapies are developed for use in the horse, care should be exercised when applying treatments for endotoxemia to animals with Gram-positive infections given the different cytokine response profiles.
Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Publication Date: 2011-10-04 PubMed ID: 21974971DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.001Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research focuses on understanding the differences in inflammatory responses among horses upon exposure to components of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It reveals that the type of bacteria influences the inflammatory mediator profiles in equine blood, which can inform more effective immunomodulatory treatments.
Purpose and Methodology
- The primary objective of this study is to identify variations in inflammatory response in horses when exposed to components of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
- Equine blood samples were stimulated with bacterial components like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PG) to observe and measure the subsequent inflammatory response.
- The components were also combined to see whether these composites resulted in an exacerbated inflammatory response.
Findings
- All three components caused the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6, but the production of IL-1β was stimulated only by LTA and PG.
- In inducing TNF, LPS was found to be more potent than LTA or PG, and both LPS and LTA were more potent at generating IL-6 than PG.
- In notable contrast to expectations, combining the components did not necessarily result in a stronger inflammatory response, albeit, there was a small level of synergism between the effects of LPS and LTA.
Interpretations and Implications
- The study highlights differential inflammatory responses to various bacterial components, emphasising that Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria elicit distinct inflammatory mediator profiles in horses.
- This research is critical for informing more tailored immunomodulatory therapies for horses since the kind of bacteria affects the resultant cytokine response profile.
- The findings suggest that using the same treatments for endotoxemia in animals with Gram-positive infections could be ineffective, because of the different cytokine response.
Cite This Article
APA
Declue AE, Johnson PJ, Day JL, Amorim JR, Honaker AR.
(2011).
Pathogen associated molecular pattern motifs from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria induce different inflammatory mediator profiles in equine blood.
Vet J, 192(3), 455-460.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.001 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. decluea@missouri.edu
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cytokines / blood
- Cytokines / genetics
- Cytokines / metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gram-Negative Bacteria / metabolism
- Gram-Positive Bacteria / metabolism
- Horses / blood
- Inflammation / blood
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Lipopolysaccharides / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / toxicity
- Male
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- Bauquier J, Tudor E, Bailey S. Effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor doramapimod on the systemic inflammatory response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Sep;34(5):2109-2116.
- Martin LM, Johnson PJ, Amorim JR, DeClue AE. Effects of Orally Administered Resveratrol on TNF, IL-1β, Leukocyte Phagocytic Activity and Oxidative Burst Function in Horses: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 20;21(4).
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