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Home / Equine Research Bank / DNA Res / Peeling back the evolutionary layers of molecular mechanisms...
DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes2013; 20(3); 287-298; doi: 10.1093/dnares/dst010

Peeling back the evolutionary layers of molecular mechanisms responsive to exercise-stress in the skeletal muscle of the racing horse.

Abstract: The modern horse (Equus caballus) is the product of over 50 million yrs of evolution. The athletic abilities of the horse have been enhanced during the past 6000 yrs under domestication. Therefore, the horse serves as a valuable model to understand the physiology and molecular mechanisms of adaptive responses to exercise. The structure and function of skeletal muscle show remarkable plasticity to the physical and metabolic challenges following exercise. Here, we reveal an evolutionary layer of responsiveness to exercise-stress in the skeletal muscle of the racing horse. We analysed differentially expressed genes and their co-expression networks in a large-scale RNA-sequence dataset comparing expression before and after exercise. By estimating genome-wide dN/dS ratios using six mammalian genomes, and FST and iHS using re-sequencing data derived from 20 horses, we were able to peel back the evolutionary layers of adaptations to exercise-stress in the horse. We found that the oldest and thickest layer (dN/dS) consists of system-wide tissue and organ adaptations. We further find that, during the period of horse domestication, the older layer (FST) is mainly responsible for adaptations to inflammation and energy metabolism, and the most recent layer (iHS) for neurological system process, cell adhesion, and proteolysis.
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Publication Date: 2013-04-11 PubMed ID: 23580538PubMed Central: PMC3686434DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst010Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper explores the evolution of molecular mechanisms in racing horses that respond to exercise stress, to understand the adaptive responses to physical and metabolic changes in these animals.

Objective of the Research

  • The study aims at understanding the physiological and molecular adaptations of the horse skeletal muscle to exercise. It seeks to unravel the different layers of evolution that have made the horse a unique model for adaptive responses to physical activity.

Methodology

  • The researchers used a large-scale RNA-sequence dataset, comparing gene expressions in horse skeletal muscles before and after exercise. This helped them identify differentially expressed genes and their co-expression networks.
  • Further, genome-wide dN/dS ratios were estimated using six mammalian genomes along with FST and iHS from re-sequencing data derived from 20 horses. This helped them trace evolutionary adaptations to exercise stress in horses.

Findings of the Study

  • The study reveals that the oldest and thickest layer of adaptation, represented by the dN/dS ratio, is made up of system-wide tissue and organ adaptations. This signifies how horses have evolved physiologically over 50 million years to become capable athletes.
  • The research found that during the domestication period of horses, the older layer marked by the FST ratio mainly adapted to inflammation and energy metabolism. This indicates that horses were bred and selectively adapted to handle exercise-stress and efficiently metabolize energy during exercise.
  • Lastly, the most recent layer, represented by the iHS ratio, adapted for neurological system processes, cell adhesion, and proteolysis. This shows that in recent times, horses have genetically evolved to adapt neurologically to exercise, improving their coordination and muscle recovery post-exercise.

Significance of the Research

  • This study elucidates the complex molecular and physiological adaptations to exercise-stress in horses. Understanding these adaptations can help improve training methodologies, recovery techniques, and overall race performance in the future.
  • Thorough knowledge of these evolutionary layers can not only contribute to equine science but also provide insights into the adaptive mechanism to exercise stress in other athletic species.

Cite This Article

APA
Kim H, Lee T, Park W, Lee JW, Kim J, Lee BY, Ahn H, Moon S, Cho S, Do KT, Kim HS, Lee HK, Lee CK, Kong HS, Yang YM, Park J, Kim HM, Kim BC, Hwang S, Bhak J, Burt D, Park KD, Cho BW, Kim H. (2013). Peeling back the evolutionary layers of molecular mechanisms responsive to exercise-stress in the skeletal muscle of the racing horse. DNA Res, 20(3), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dst010

Publication

DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes
ISSN: 1756-1663
NlmUniqueID: 9423827
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 287-298

Researcher Affiliations

Kim, Hyeongmin
  • Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
Lee, Taeheon
    Park, Woncheoul
      Lee, Jin Woo
        Kim, Jaemin
          Lee, Bo-Young
            Ahn, Hyeonju
              Moon, Sunjin
                Cho, Seoae
                  Do, Kyoung-Tag
                    Kim, Heui-Soo
                      Lee, Hak-Kyo
                        Lee, Chang-Kyu
                          Kong, Hong-Sik
                            Yang, Young-Mok
                              Park, Jongsun
                                Kim, Hak-Min
                                  Kim, Byung Chul
                                    Hwang, Seungwoo
                                      Bhak, Jong
                                        Burt, Dave
                                          Park, Kyoung-Do
                                            Cho, Byung-Wook
                                              Kim, Heebal

                                                MeSH Terms

                                                • Adaptation, Physiological / genetics
                                                • Animals
                                                • Animals, Inbred Strains
                                                • Evolution, Molecular
                                                • Gene Expression Profiling
                                                • Genome
                                                • Horses / genetics
                                                • Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
                                                • Muscle, Skeletal / physiology
                                                • Physical Exertion / genetics
                                                • RNA, Messenger / chemistry
                                                • RNA, Messenger / metabolism
                                                • Stress, Physiological / genetics
                                                • Transcription, Genetic

                                                Grant Funding

                                                • BBS/E/D/05191130 / Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

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                                                14. Reißmann M, Rajavel A, Kokov ZA, Schmitt AO. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes after Endurance Runs in Karbadian Horses to Determine Candidates for Stress Indicators and Performance Capability. Genes (Basel) 2023 Oct 24;14(11).
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