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Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phy...
Viruses2025; 17(8); 1076; doi: 10.3390/v17081076

Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Detected in Italian Horse Populations.

Abstract: Equestrian sports play a significant economic role in the horse industry. In recent years, numerous equine viruses have emerged, among which are equine Pegiviruses and the re-emerging Equine coronavirus (ECoV). These viruses are distributed globally and primarily cause subclinical infections with unknown morbidity, even if ECoV can occasionally induce febrile and diarrheic episodes. To broaden the data on the Italian equine population, a study was conducted to assess their prevalence in two distinct horse populations belonging to the Carabinieri Corps (CC) and the Italian Army (IA) of the Italian Armed Forces (IAF). Samples consisted of blood serum and rectal swabs of 436 horses collected within the national surveillance program for equine infectious anemia and gastrointestinal parasite monitoring and analyzed for ( and ) and ECoV by Real-Time RT PCR. The prevalence detected were 6.56% and 3.53%, respectively, for and for the IA, while for the CC, they were 10.13% and 0.84%. Only one sample tested positive for belonging to a horse of the CC. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on the PCR-positive samples that were sequenced using Sanger protocols. Understanding the epidemiology of these viruses is essential for evaluating the implementation of effective prevention strategies.
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Publication Date: 2025-08-02 PubMed ID: 40872790PubMed Central: PMC12390707DOI: 10.3390/v17081076Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates the prevalence and genetic relationships of equine Pegiviruses and Equine coronavirus (ECoV) in two distinct populations of horses within the Italian Armed Forces.
  • It provides insight into the distribution of these viruses among Italian horses, aiming to inform better disease control and prevention strategies.

Background and Importance

  • Equestrian sports and horse-related industries have considerable economic importance globally, including Italy.
  • Equine viruses such as Pegiviruses and Equine coronavirus (ECoV) have emerged or re-emerged, raising concerns for horse health.
  • Both viruses are typically associated with subclinical infections (infections without obvious symptoms), making their prevalence and impact difficult to assess.
  • ECoV can sometimes cause clinical symptoms such as fever and diarrhea, although it is not well understood how often or severe these cases might be.

Research Objectives

  • To determine the prevalence of equine Pegiviruses and ECoV in two Italian horse populations: the Carabinieri Corps (CC) and the Italian Army (IA).
  • To perform phylogenetic analyses on viral strains detected, helping to understand the genetic relationships and possible origins.
  • To contribute to epidemiological knowledge that could enhance prevention and control measures for these viral infections in horses.

Methodology

  • Sample Collection:
    • Blood serum and rectal swabs collected from 436 horses during ongoing national surveillance programs.
    • Animals were part of two groups: horses from the Carabinieri Corps (CC) and the Italian Army (IA).
  • Testing Procedures:
    • Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of equine Pegiviruses and ECoV in collected samples.
  • Phylogenetic Analysis:
    • PCR-positive samples were sequenced using Sanger sequencing protocols.
    • The sequences were analyzed to determine the viruses’ evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity.

Results

  • Prevalence of Pegivirus and ECoV in Italian Army Horses (IA):
    • Pegivirus prevalence: 6.56%
    • ECoV prevalence: 3.53%
  • Prevalence of Pegivirus and ECoV in Carabinieri Corps Horses (CC):
    • Pegivirus prevalence: 10.13%
    • ECoV prevalence: 0.84%
  • Only one sample from CC tested positive for a specific Pegivirus strain ( , details not specified in the abstract).
  • Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of genetically distinct viral strains, helping to categorize circulating viruses in these populations.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study provides important baseline data about the circulation of Pegiviruses and ECoV in Italian military horses.
  • Differences in prevalence between the two horse populations suggest possible variability in exposure or susceptibility that needs further investigation.
  • Since most infections are subclinical, ongoing surveillance is crucial for early detection and management of potential outbreaks.
  • Phylogenetic analysis aids in understanding viral diversity and transmission dynamics, which is vital for developing targeted preventive strategies.
  • Overall, this research underlines the importance of molecular surveillance in maintaining equine health and supporting the equestrian industry’s economic stability.

Cite This Article

APA
(2025). Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Detected in Italian Horse Populations. Viruses, 17(8), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081076

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 8
PII: 1076

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / virology
  • Italy / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Prevalence
  • Coronavirus / genetics
  • Coronavirus / classification
  • Coronavirus / isolation & purification
  • Coronavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Coronavirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Coronavirus Infections / virology
  • Flaviviridae / genetics
  • Flaviviridae / classification
  • Flaviviridae / isolation & purification
  • Flaviviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Flaviviridae Infections / epidemiology
  • Flaviviridae Infections / virology
  • RNA, Viral / genetics

Grant Funding

  • RC IZSLT09/20 / MINISTRY OF HEALTH

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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