FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire2005; 69(3); 229-235;

Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin and its concentration in body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares after repeated intragastric administration.

Abstract: Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin and its distribution within the body fluids and endometrium of 6 mares were studied after intragastric (IG) administration of 5 individual doses. Difloxacin concentrations were serially measured in serum, urine, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and endometrium over 120 h. Bacterial susceptibility to difloxacin was determined for 174 equine pathogens over a 7-month period. Maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 2.25 +/- 0.70 microg/mL at 3.12 +/- 2.63 h and Cmax after the 5th dose was 2.41 +/- 0.86 microg/mL at 97.86 +/- 1.45 h. The mean elimination half-life (t(1/2)) was 8.75 +/- 2.77 h and area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) was 25.13 +/- 8.79 microg h/mL. Highest mean synovial fluid concentration was 1.26 +/- 0.49 microg/mL at 100 h. Highest mean peritoneal fluid concentration was 1.50 +/- 0.56 microg/mL at 98 h. Highest mean endometrial concentration was 0.78 +/- 0.48 microg/g at 97.5 h. Mean cerebrospinal fluid concentration was 0.87 +/- 0.52 microg/mL at 99 h. Highest mean urine concentration was 92.05 +/- 30.35 microg/mL at 104 h. All isolates of Salmonella spp. and Pasteurella spp. were susceptible. In general, gram-negative organisms were more susceptible than gram-positives. Difloxacin appears to be safe, adequately absorbed, and well distributed to body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares and may be useful in the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in adult horses. μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ Salmonella Pasteurella
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2005-09-29 PubMed ID: 16187554PubMed Central: PMC1176303
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The researchers conducted a study on the pharmacokinetics of difloxacin, tracking its distribution in the body fluids and endometrial tissues of six horses after repeated doses administered orally. The tests noted difloxacin’s efficacy in treating bacterial infections in horses, particularly against Salmonella and Pasteurella strains.

Study Objectives and Methodology

  • The main objective of this research was to study the behaviour of difloxacin, an antibiotic, in horses. This involved determining how long the drug takes to get absorbed in the body, its distribution in various body fluids and endometrial tissues, and how effectively and quickly it gets eliminated from the body. Moreover, the study also aimed to observe the drug’s effectiveness on different equine pathogens.
  • The study was conducted using six horses to which difloxacin was repeatedly administered orally. The difloxacin concentrations were then serially examined over a period of 120 hours in various body fluids including serum, urine, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and endometrium.
  • Additionally, the susceptibility of 174 equine pathogens to difloxacin was assessed over seven months.

Results and Observations

  • The study recorded the maximum serum concentration of difloxacin to be 2.25 +/- 0.70 micrograms/mL at around 3.12 +/- 2.63 hours, and after the fifth dose, the concentration was found to be 2.41 +/- 0.86 micrograms/mL at approximately 97.86 +/- 1.45 hours.
  • The average elimination half-life of the drug was observed to be around 8.75 +/- 2.77 hours. The area under the serum concentration versus time curve, a key metric in pharmacology that helps in determining the drug’s bioavailability, was found to be 25.13 +/- 8.79 microgram hours/mL.
  • Furthermore, the researchers found that gram-negative organisms were more susceptible to difloxacin than gram-positive ones. All the tested strains of Salmonella and Pasteurella were susceptible to the antibiotic, proving its potential effectiveness in treating these infections in adult horses.

Conclusion

  • Based on the data gathered, the researchers concluded that difloxacin appears to be a safe drug that is adequately absorbed and well-distributed across body fluids and endometrial tissues in horses.
  • However, while difloxacin might prove to be an effective treatment for bacterial infections susceptible to this drug, the specifics of its use, such as the correct dosage and treatment duration, should be further investigated for optimal results.

Cite This Article

APA
Adams AR, Haines GR, Brown MP, Gronwall R, Merritt K. (2005). Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin and its concentration in body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares after repeated intragastric administration. Can J Vet Res, 69(3), 229-235.

Publication

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire
ISSN: 0830-9000
NlmUniqueID: 8607793
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 69
Issue: 3
Pages: 229-235

Researcher Affiliations

Adams, Aric R
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0136, USA.
Haines, Gregory R
    Brown, Murray P
      Gronwall, Ronald
        Merritt, Kelly

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacokinetics
          • Area Under Curve
          • Ascitic Fluid / chemistry
          • Ascitic Fluid / metabolism
          • Bacteria / drug effects
          • Body Fluids / chemistry
          • Body Fluids / metabolism
          • Ciprofloxacin / analogs & derivatives
          • Ciprofloxacin / pharmacokinetics
          • Endometrium / chemistry
          • Endometrium / metabolism
          • Female
          • Fluoroquinolones / pharmacokinetics
          • Half-Life
          • Horses / metabolism
          • Intestinal Absorption / drug effects
          • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
          • Synovial Fluid / chemistry
          • Synovial Fluid / metabolism
          • Tissue Distribution

          References

          This article includes 40 references
          1. Prescott JF, Baggot JD. Fluoroquinolones. 1993:252–262.
          2. Giguère S, Sweeney RW, Bélanger M. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult horses and concentration of the drug in serum, body fluids, and endometrial tissues after repeated intragastrically administered doses.. Am J Vet Res 1996 Jul;57(7):1025-30.
            pubmed: 8807015
          3. Wolfson JS, Hooper DC. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989 Oct;2(4):378-424.
            pmc: PMC358131pubmed: 2680058doi: 10.1128/cmr.2.4.378google scholar: lookup
          4. Drlica K, Zhao X. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones.. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92.
            pmc: PMC232616pubmed: 9293187doi: 10.1128/mmbr.61.3.377-392.1997google scholar: lookup
          5. Orsini JA, Perkons S. The fluoroquinolones: clinical applications in veterinary medicine. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1992;14:1491–1496.
          6. Vancutsem PM, Babish JG, Schwark WS. The fluoroquinolone antimicrobials: structure, antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical use in domestic animals and toxicity.. Cornell Vet 1990 Apr;80(2):173-86.
            pubmed: 2180631
          7. Nightingale CH. Pharmacokinetic considerations in quinolone therapy.. Pharmacotherapy 1993 Mar-Apr;13(2 Pt 2):34S-38S.
            pubmed: 8474936
          8. Craig W. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents as a basis for determining dosage regimens.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12 Suppl 1:S6-8.
            pubmed: 8477766doi: 10.1007/bf02389870google scholar: lookup
          9. Moore RM, Schneider RK, Kowalski J, Bramlage LR, Mecklenburg LM, Kohn CW. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 233 horses with musculoskeletal infection during 1979-1989.. Equine Vet J 1992 Nov;24(6):450-6.
            pubmed: 1459058doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02875.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          10. Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, Moore RM, Mecklenburg LM, Kohn CW, Gabel AA. A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis.. Equine Vet J 1992 Nov;24(6):436-42.
            pubmed: 1459056doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02873.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          11. Sweeney CR, Holcombe SJ, Barningham SC, Beech J. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the aerobes.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991 Mar 1;198(5):839-42.
            pubmed: 2026535
          12. Hawkins JF, Bowman KF, Roberts MC, Cowen P. Peritonitis in horses: 67 cases (1985-1990).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Jul 15;203(2):284-8.
            pubmed: 8407492
          13. Asbury AC, Lyle SK. Infectious causes of infertility. 1993:381–391.
          14. Johnston JK, Divers TJ, Reef VB, Acland H. Cholelithiasis in horses: ten cases (1982-1986).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989 Feb 1;194(3):405-9.
            pubmed: 2645259
          15. Burkhardt JE, Hill MA, Carlton WW, Kesterson JW. Histologic and histochemical changes in articular cartilages of immature beagle dogs dosed with difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone.. Vet Pathol 1990 May;27(3):162-70.
            pubmed: 2353417doi: 10.1177/030098589002700303google scholar: lookup
          16. Bostian A, Vivrette SL, Bermingham E, Papich MG. Quinolone-induced arthropathy in neonatal foals. Proc Annu Meet Coll Vet Intern Med 1998:723.
          17. Brown MP. Current concepts in antibiotic therapy. 1998:23.
          18. Bertone AL, Tremaine WH, Macoris DG, Simmons EJ, Ewert KM, Herr LG, Weisbrode SE. Effect of long-term administration of an injectable enrofloxacin solution on physical and musculoskeletal variables in adult horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000 Nov 15;217(10):1514-21.
            pubmed: 11128543doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1514google scholar: lookup
          19. Norrby SR. Side-effects of quinolones: comparisons between quinolones and other antibiotics.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991 Apr;10(4):378-83.
            pubmed: 1864300doi: 10.1007/bf01967014google scholar: lookup
          20. Olchowy TW, TerHune TN, Herrick RL. Efficacy of difloxacin in calves experimentally infected with Mannheimia haemolytica.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Jun;61(6):710-3.
            pubmed: 10850850doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.710google scholar: lookup
          21. Heinen E. Comparative serum pharmacokinetics of the fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, and orbifloxacin in dogs after single oral administration.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2002 Feb;25(1):1-5.
            pubmed: 11874520doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00381.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          22. Frazier DL, Thompson L, Trettien A, Evans EI. Comparison of fluoroquinolone pharmacokinetic parameters after treatment with marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and difloxacin in dogs.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2000 Oct;23(5):293-302.
            pubmed: 11107003doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00285.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          23. Pirro F, Edingloh M, Schmeer N. Bactericidal and inhibitory activity of enrofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in small animal pathogens. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1999;21:19–25.
          24. Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Houston AE. Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine in mares.. Can J Vet Res 1989 Jan;53(1):12-6.
            pmc: PMC1255505pubmed: 2914221
          25. Bennett JV, Brodie JL, Benner EJ, Kirby WM. Simplified, accurate method for antibiotic assay of clinical specimens.. Appl Microbiol 1966 Mar;14(2):170-7.
            pmc: PMC546645pubmed: 4959982doi: 10.1128/am.14.2.170-177.1966google scholar: lookup
          26. Caceci MS, Cacheris WP. Fitting curves to data. Byte 1984;9:340–362.
          27. Gibaldi M, Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics. 1982:409–417.
          28. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals; approved standards; second edition. NCCLS document M31-A2 2002.
          29. Haines GR, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Merritt KA, Baltzley LK. Pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin and its concentration in body fluids and in endometrial tissues of mares.. Can J Vet Res 2001 Jul;65(3):181-7.
            pmc: PMC1189673pubmed: 11480524
          30. Dowling PM, Wilson RC, Tyler JW, Duran SH. Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ponies.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995 Feb;18(1):7-12.
            pubmed: 7752310doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00543.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          31. Drusano GL, Johnson DE, Rosen M, Standiford HC. Pharmacodynamics of a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent in a neutropenic rat model of Pseudomonas sepsis.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 Mar;37(3):483-90.
            pmc: PMC187696pubmed: 8384815doi: 10.1128/aac.37.3.483google scholar: lookup
          32. Garcia MA, Solans C, Aramayona JJ. Simultaneous determination of difloxacin and its primary metabolite sarafloxacin in rabbit plasma. Chromatographia 2000;51:487–490.
          33. van den Hoven R, Wagenaar JA, Walker RD. In vitro activity of difloxacin against canine bacterial isolates.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000 May;12(3):218-23.
            pubmed: 10826834doi: 10.1177/104063870001200304google scholar: lookup
          34. Walker RD, Thornsberry C. Decrease in antibiotic susceptibility or increase in resistance?. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998 Jan;41(1):1-4.
            pubmed: 9511029doi: 10.1093/jac/41.1.1google scholar: lookup
          35. Haines GR, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Merritt KA. Serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intragastric administration to mares.. Can J Vet Res 2000 Jul;64(3):171-7.
            pmc: PMC1189609pubmed: 10935883
          36. Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, Turnidge J, Ebert S, Craig WA. Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model.. J Infect Dis 1988 Oct;158(4):831-47.
            pubmed: 3139779doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.4.831google scholar: lookup
          37. Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH, Goss TF, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 May;37(5):1073-81.
            pmc: PMC187901pubmed: 8517694doi: 10.1128/aac.37.5.1073google scholar: lookup
          38. Meinen JB, McClure JT, Rosin E. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in clinically normal dogs and mice and drug pharmacodynamics in neutropenic mice with Escherichia coli and staphylococcal infections.. Am J Vet Res 1995 Sep;56(9):1219-24.
            pubmed: 7486402
          39. Papich MG. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy. 2001:513–516.
          40. Langston VC, Sedrish S, Boothe DM. Disposition of single-dose oral enrofloxacin in the horse.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1996 Aug;19(4):316-9.
            pubmed: 8866463doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00057.xgoogle scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 0 times.
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 100,151 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.