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Equine veterinary journal2019; 52(3); 464-470; doi: 10.1111/evj.13175

Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin to the late-term pregnant and non-pregnant mares.

Abstract: Enrofloxacin may be an alternative antimicrobial for unresponsive cases of severe bacterial infections in pregnant mares. As pregnancy may affect drug bioavailability, distribution, metabolism and excretion, dose adjustment might be necessary. Objective: To determine the disposition of orally and intravenously administered enrofloxacin in pregnant and non-pregnant mares. Methods: Randomised cross-over experiment. Methods: Six light-breed, healthy pregnant mares (260 days gestation) were given a single dose of either intravenous (5 mg/kg bwt) or oral compounded (7.5 mg/kg bwt) enrofloxacin, with the opposite dose administered after a 7-day washout. The protocol was repeated 45-60 days post-partum, 15-30 days after foals were weaned. Plasma samples were obtained via venepuncture at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after enrofloxacin administration. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Concentration versus time data were analysed based on non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Results: Enrofloxacin AUC was significantly higher in pregnant mares than non-pregnant mares after PO administration and tended to be higher after i.v. administration. Ciprofloxacin maximum plasma concentration (C ) and concentration at 24 h (C ) were higher, and half-life of the terminal phase (t ) was longer in pregnant mares than non-pregnant mares after oral administration. Similarly, ciprofloxacin C was higher in pregnant mares with intravenous administration. Oral bioavailability did not differ based on pregnancy status. Conclusions: Only six healthy light breed mares were assessed. Disease or horse breed may affect the endpoints evaluated. A lack of established enrofloxacin AUC/MIC targets for equine pathogens limits pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic conclusions. Conclusions: The oral form of enrofloxacin was well absorbed, and oral bioavailability was comparable to previous studies. While differences in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics were seen between pregnant and non-pregnant mares, the recommended drug dose and dose intervals are appropriate for MIC 0.25 µg/mL.
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Publication Date: 2019-10-04 PubMed ID: 31483886DOI: 10.1111/evj.13175Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Veterinary

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article is about studying the effects and dosage needs of the antibiotic enrofloxacin when administered orally and intravenously to pregnant and non-pregnant mares.

Methods

The research carried out was in the form of a randomized cross-over experiment involving:

  • Six light-breed, healthy pregnant mares that were 260 days into their gestation.
  • A single dose of either intravenous (5 mg/kg body weight) or orally compounded (7.5 mg/kg body weight) enrofloxacin was given to each mare.
  • The opposite dose was administered after a 7-day washout period.
  • The process was repeated 45-60 days after the mares gave birth, which was 15-30 days after the foals were weaned.

Data Collection

Blood samples were collected from the mares at multiple time points after enrofloxacin was administered. The concentrations of enrofloxacin and another antimicrobial drug, ciprofloxacin, were measured.

Results

The area under the curve (AUC) for enrofloxacin, which represents the overall exposure of the body to the drug, was found to be considerably higher in pregnant mares than non-pregnant ones after oral administration. The same trend was seen, though less apparent, after intravenous administration. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and the half-life of ciprofloxacin were also higher in pregnant mares. The oral bioavailability, or the proportion of the drug which enters circulation to have an active effect, did not vary based on pregnancy status.

Conclusions

The study concludes that while there are discernible differences in how the two drugs are processed in the bodies of pregnant and non-pregnant mares, the standard recommended doses and dosing intervals are adequate for bacteria with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentrations) 0.25 µg/mL, dosage adjustments might have to be considered.

Furthermore, the researchers caution that their findings relied on a small sample size of six healthy light breed mares thus disease conditions or varied breeds could affect the results. Also, the lack of established enrofloxacin AUC/MIC targets for equine pathogens limits the scope of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic inferences.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellerbrock RE, Curcio BR, Zhong L, Honoroto J, Wilkins P, Lima FS, Giguere S, Canisso IF. (2019). Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin to the late-term pregnant and non-pregnant mares. Equine Vet J, 52(3), 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13175

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 3
Pages: 464-470

Researcher Affiliations

Ellerbrock, R E
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
  • Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Curcio, B R
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
  • Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Zhong, L
  • Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Honoroto, J
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Wilkins, P
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Lima, F S
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Giguere, S
  • Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Canisso, I F
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Administration, Oral
  • Animals
  • Area Under Curve
  • Chromatography, Liquid / veterinary
  • Enrofloxacin
  • Female
  • Half-Life
  • Horses
  • Injections, Intravenous / veterinary
  • Pregnancy
  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • USDA Hatch Funds
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine
  • Koteska Fellowship
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

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