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Pharmacokinetics of macrolides in foals.
Abstract: Macrolides are used for treatment of pneumonia and extrapulmonary conditions caused by Rhodococcus equi. In foals, macrolides have an extraordinary capacity to accumulate in different lung tissue compartments. These drugs show unique pharmacokinetic features such as rapid and extensive distribution and long persistence in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from foals. This article reviews the pharmacokinetic characteristics of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tulathromycin, telithromycin, gamithromycin, and tilmicosin in foals, with emphasis on PELF and BAL cell concentrations.
© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Publication Date: 2012-10-22 PubMed ID: 23082900DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12010Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Review
Summary
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This research article investigates the behaviour of antibiotics, known as macrolides, in foals – specifically their ability to concentrate in lung tissues and persistence within cells, which may be of benefit in treating lung diseases.
Understanding Macrolides
- Macrolides are a type of antibiotics used for treating various bacterial infections, notably pneumonia and other conditions caused by Rhodococcus equi – a bacteria particularly harmful to equines like foals.
- These drugs have shown an unusual ability to concentrate or accumulate in different lung tissue compartments in foals. This property may make them especially effective in treating pulmonary diseases.
Pharmacokinetics of Macrolides
- The study delves into the pharmacokinetic features of macrolides in foals – essentially how these drugs move within the body over time. This includes their rate of absorption, distribution to different tissues, metabolism (or breakdown) in the body, and excretion.
- The research places special emphasis on the behaviour of these drugs in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. PELF refers to the fluid coating the respiratory tract, whereas BAL cells are the cells obtained from a lung washing procedure commonly used for diagnostic purposes.
- The drugs’ rapid and extensive distribution and prolonged persistence in foals’ PELF and BAL cells are highlighted as unique pharmacokinetic features. Such attributes may enhance the drug’s ability to combat bacteria in these regions.
Types of Macrolides Studied
- The study reviews several specific macrolides, including erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tulathromycin, telithromycin, gamithromycin, and tilmicosin. These drugs are typically distinguished by their complexity, number of carbon atoms, sugar moiety, and the presence of certain chemical groups.
- Their performance and behaviour in foals is evaluated, particularly in relation to PELF and BAL cell concentrations. Knowledge on their pharmacokinetics can inform better treatment strategies and drug administration techniques for animal healthcare.
Cite This Article
APA
Villarino N, Martín-Jiménez T.
(2012).
Pharmacokinetics of macrolides in foals.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 36(1), 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12010 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents / blood
- Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacokinetics
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / chemistry
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Horses / metabolism
- Intestinal Absorption
- Macrolides / blood
- Macrolides / pharmacokinetics
Citations
This article has been cited 5 times.- Wang J, Zhou X, Elazab ST, Park SC, Hsu WH. Should Airway Interstitial Fluid Be Used to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Macrolide Antibiotics for Dose Regimen Determination in Respiratory Infection?. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Apr 3;12(4).
- Álvarez-Narváez S, Berghaus LJ, Morris ERA, Willingham-Lane JM, Slovis NM, Giguere S, Cohen ND. A Common Practice of Widespread Antimicrobial Use in Horse Production Promotes Multi-Drug Resistance. Sci Rep 2020 Jan 22;10(1):911.
- Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Ahmed S, Cao J, He Q. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and cut-off values of tildipirosin against Haemophilus parasuis. Oncotarget 2018 Jan 5;9(2):1673-1690.
- Zhang P, Hao H, Li J, Ahmad I, Cheng G, Chen D, Tao Y, Huang L, Wang Y, Dai M, Liu Z, Yuan Z. The Epidemiologic and Pharmacodynamic Cutoff Values of Tilmicosin against Haemophilus parasuis. Front Microbiol 2016;7:385.
- Huguet AS, Gourbeyre O, Bernand A, Philibert C, Bousquet-Melou A, Lallemand EA, Ferran AA. Comparative bactericidal activity of four macrolides alone and combined with rifampicin or doxycycline against Rhodococcus equi at concentrations achievable in foals. Front Pharmacol 2024;15:1458496.
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