FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol / Placentation in Equids.
Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology2021; 234; 91-128; doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_6

Placentation in Equids.

Abstract: This chapter focuses on the early stages of placental development in horses and their relatives in the genus Equus and highlights unique features of equid reproductive biology. The equine placenta is classified as a noninvasive, epitheliochorial type. However, equids have evolved a minor component of invasive trophoblast, the chorionic girdle and endometrial cups, which links the equine placenta with the highly invasive hemochorial placentae of rodents and, particularly, with the primate placenta. Two types of fetus-to-mother signaling in equine pregnancy are mediated by the invasive equine trophoblast cells. First, endocrinological signaling mediated by equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) drives maternal progesterone production to support the equine conceptus between days 40 and 100 of gestation. Only in primates and equids does the placenta produce a gonadotrophin, but the evolutionary paths taken by these two groups of mammals to produce this placental signal were very different. Second, florid expression of paternal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by invading chorionic girdle cells stimulates strong maternal anti-fetal antibody responses that may play a role in the development of immunological tolerance that protects the conceptus from destruction by the maternal immune system. In humans, invasive extravillous trophoblasts also express MHC class I molecules, but the loci involved, and their likely function, are different from those of the horse. Comparison of the cellular and molecular events in these disparate species provides outstanding examples of convergent evolution and co-option in mammalian pregnancy and highlights how studies of the equine placenta have produced new insights into reproductive strategies.
© 2021. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-10-26 PubMed ID: 34694479PubMed Central: 2259290DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_6Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is an in-depth study of the early stages of placental development in horses as well as exploring the unique features of equid reproductive biology.

Objective of the Research

  • The main aim of this research is to scrutinize the initial stages of placentation in equids, primarily horses, and their relatives in the Equus genus. The research also highlights the peculiar aspects of equid reproductive biology.

Equid Placentation

  • According to the research, the placenta in horses (equine placenta) is categorized as a noninvasive, epitheliochorial type. Similarly, the research enlightens on the evolution of a minor component of invasive trophoblast in equids, the chorionic girdle, and endometrial cups, which associates the equine placenta with the highly invasive hemochorial placentae present in rodents and especially in the primate placenta.

Fetus-Mother Signaling in Equine Pregnancy

  • Two distinct types of fetus-to-mother signaling are facilitated in equine pregnancy by the invasive equine trophoblast cells. First, endocrinological signaling is managed by the equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), influencing the production of maternal progesterone to sustain the equine conceptus between days 40 and 100 of gestation.
  • Only in primates and equids does the placenta produce a gonadotrophin, but the evolutionary paths adopted by these two mammalian groups to engender this placental signal were notably distinctive.
  • Second, the conspicuous expression of paternal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by the invading chorionic girdle cells stimulates robust maternal anti-fetal antibody responses. The study posits that this could play a vital role in developing immunological tolerance to protect the conceptus from obliteration by the maternal immune system.

Comparison with Human Placenta

  • The article further compares these findings to human placental development, where invasive extra-villous trophoblasts also express MHC class I molecules. Nonetheless, the locations involved and the anticipated functions are not the same as those in horses.

Conclusion of the Research

  • The conclusion drawn from the research is that comparison between these different species provides remarkable instances of convergent evolution and co-option in mammalian pregnancy. It also underscores how studies centred on the equine placenta have resulted in new insights and understanding into reproductive strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Antczak DF, Allen WRT. (2021). Placentation in Equids. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol, 234, 91-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_6

Publication

Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology
ISSN: 0301-5556
NlmUniqueID: 0407712
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 234
Pages: 91-128

Researcher Affiliations

Antczak, Douglas F
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. doug.antczak@cornell.edu.
Allen, W R Twink
  • Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
  • Robinson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, 'Brunswick', Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Chorion
  • Endometrium
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Placenta / metabolism
  • Placentation
  • Pregnancy
  • Trophoblasts / metabolism

References

This article includes 164 references
  1. Abd-Elnaeim MM, Leiser R, Wilsher S, Allen WR. Structural and haemovascular aspects of placental growth throughout gestation in young and aged mares.. Placenta 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1103-13.
    pubmed: 16406511doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.11.005google scholar: lookup
  2. Adams AP, Antczak DF. Ectopic transplantation of equine invasive trophoblast.. Biol Reprod 2001 Mar;64(3):753-63.
    pubmed: 11207188doi: 10.1095/biolreprod64.3.753google scholar: lookup
  3. Adams AP, Oriol JG, Campbell RE, Oppenheim YC, Allen WR, Antczak DF. The effect of skin allografting on the equine endometrial cup reaction.. Theriogenology 2007 Jul 15;68(2):237-47.
    pubmed: 17559923pmc: 2259290doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.058google scholar: lookup
  4. Alegre ML, Lakkis FG, Morelli AE. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation.. Trends Immunol 2016 Dec;37(12):831-843.
    pubmed: 27743777pmc: 27743777doi: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.003google scholar: lookup
  5. Aleksic D, Blaschke L, Mißbach S, Hänske J, Weiß W, Handler J, Zimmermann W, Cabrera-Sharp V, Read JE, de Mestre AM, O'Riordan R, Moore T, Kammerer R. Convergent evolution of pregnancy-specific glycoproteins in human and horse.. Reproduction 2016 Sep;152(3):171-84.
    pubmed: 27280409doi: 10.1530/rep-16-0236google scholar: lookup
  6. Allen WR. Factors influencing pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin production.. Nature 1969 Jul 5;223(5201):64-5.
    pubmed: 5792429doi: 10.1038/223064a0google scholar: lookup
  7. Allen WR. Immunological aspects of the equine endometrial cup reaction.. .
  8. Allen WR. The influence of fetal genotype upon endometrial cup development and PMSG and progestagen production in equids.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:405–413.
  9. Allen WR. Use of prostaglandins for synchronization of oestrus and treatment of prolonged dioestrus in mares.. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1981;77:227-39.
    pubmed: 7030026
  10. Allen WR. Immunological aspects of the endometrial cup reaction and the effect of xenogeneic pregnancy in horses and donkeys.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1982 Nov;31:57-94.
    pubmed: 6962845
  11. Allen WR, Moor RM. The origin of the equine endometrial cups. I. Production of PMSG by fetal trophoblast cells.. J Reprod Fertil 1972 May;29(2):313-6.
    pubmed: 5023705doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0290313google scholar: lookup
  12. Allen WR, Short RV. Interspecific and extraspecific pregnancies in equids: anything goes.. J Hered 1997 Sep-Oct;88(5):384-92.
    pubmed: 9378914doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023123google scholar: lookup
  13. Allen WRT, Wilsher S. Historical Aspects of Equine Embryo Transfer.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Jun;89:102987.
    pubmed: 32563443doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102987google scholar: lookup
  14. Allen WR, Hamilton DW, Moor RM. The origin of equine endometrial cups. II. Invasion of the endometrium by trophoblast.. Anat Rec 1973 Dec;177(4):485-501.
    pubmed: 4762726doi: 10.1002/ar.1091770403google scholar: lookup
  15. Allen WR, Kydd J, Miller J, Antczak DF. Immunological studies on feto maternal relationships in equine pregnancy.. .
  16. Allen WR, Brown L, Wright M, Wilsher S. Reproductive efficiency of Flatrace and National Hunt Thoroughbred mares and stallions in England.. Equine Vet J 2007 Sep;39(5):438-45.
    pubmed: 17910269doi: 10.2746/042516407x1737581google scholar: lookup
  17. Allen WR, Gower S, Wilsher S. Localisation of epidermal growth factor (EGF), its specific receptor (EGF-R) and aromatase at the materno-fetal interface during placentation in the pregnant mare.. Placenta 2017 Feb;50:53-59.
    pubmed: 28161062doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.024google scholar: lookup
  18. Amoroso EC. Placentation.. .
  19. Antczak DF. Maternal antibody responses in pregnancy.. Curr Opin Immunol 1989 Aug;1(6):1135-40.
    pubmed: 2679750doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(89)90005-8google scholar: lookup
  20. Antczak DF, Bright SM, Remick LH, Bauman BE. Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. I. Serologic and genetic studies.. Tissue Antigens 1982 Sep;20(3):172-87.
    pubmed: 6182639doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb00343.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  21. Antczak DF, Miller JM, Remick LH. Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. II. Antibodies to ELA antigens produced during equine pregnancy.. J Reprod Immunol 1984 Aug;6(5):283-97.
    pubmed: 6481697doi: 10.1016/0165-0378(84)90028-7google scholar: lookup
  22. Apps R, Murphy SP, Fernando R, Gardner L, Ahad T, Moffett A. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) expression of primary trophoblast cells and placental cell lines, determined using single antigen beads to characterize allotype specificities of anti-HLA antibodies.. Immunology 2009 May;127(1):26-39.
    pubmed: 19368562pmc: 2678179doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03019.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  23. Armstrong DL, McGowen MR, Weckle A, Pantham P, Caravas J, Agnew D, Benirschke K, Savage-Rumbaugh S, Nevo E, Kim CJ, Wagner GP, Romero R, Wildman DE. The core transcriptome of mammalian placentas and the divergence of expression with placental shape.. Placenta 2017 Sep;57:71-78.
    pubmed: 28864021pmc: 5592967doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.015google scholar: lookup
  24. Aurich C, Weber J, Nagel C, Merkl M, Jude R, Wostmann S, Ollech D, Baron U, Olek S, Jansen T. Low levels of naturally occurring regulatory T lymphocytes in blood of mares with early pregnancy loss.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014;26(6):827-33.
    pubmed: 23787006doi: 10.1071/rd13012google scholar: lookup
  25. Baker JM, Bamford AI, Antczak DF. Modulation of allospecific CTL responses during pregnancy in equids: an immunological barrier to interspecies matings?. J Immunol 1999 Apr 15;162(8):4496-501.
    pubmed: 10201987
  26. Ball BA. Embryonic loss in mares. Incidence, possible causes, and diagnostic considerations.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1988 Aug;4(2):263-90.
    pubmed: 3044540doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30641-7google scholar: lookup
  27. Barton SC, Surani MA, Norris ML. Role of paternal and maternal genomes in mouse development.. Nature 1984 Sep 27-Oct 3;311(5984):374-6.
    pubmed: 6482961doi: 10.1038/311374a0google scholar: lookup
  28. Battut I, Colchen S, Fieni F, Tainturier D, Bruyas JF. Success rates when attempting to nonsurgically collect equine embryos at 144, 156 or 168 hours after ovulation.. Equine Vet J Suppl 29:60–62.
  29. Bhavnani BR, Short RV, Solomon S. Formation of estrogens by the pregnant mare. I. Metabolism of 7-3H-dehydroisoandrosterone and 4-14C-androstenedione injected into the umbilical vein.. Endocrinology 1969 Dec;85(6):1172-9.
    pubmed: 4310488doi: 10.1210/endo-85-6-1172google scholar: lookup
  30. Bhavnani BR, Short RV, Solomon S. Formation of estrogens by the pregnant mare. II. Metabolism of 14C-acetate and 3H-cholesterol injected into the fetal circulation.. Endocrinology 1971 Nov;89(5):1152-7.
    pubmed: 5096991doi: 10.1210/endo-89-5-1152google scholar: lookup
  31. Blois SM, Ilarregui JM, Tometten M, Garcia M, Orsal AS, Cordo-Russo R, Toscano MA, Bianco GA, Kobelt P, Handjiski B, Tirado I, Markert UR, Klapp BF, Poirier F, Szekeres-Bartho J, Rabinovich GA, Arck PC. A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance.. Nat Med 2007 Dec;13(12):1450-7.
    pubmed: 18026113doi: 10.1038/nm1680google scholar: lookup
  32. Bousfield GR, Sugino H, Ward DN. Demonstration of a COOH-terminal extension on equine lutropin by means of a common acid-labile bond in equine lutropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin.. J Biol Chem 1985 Aug 15;260(17):9531-3.
    pubmed: 4019483
  33. Bousfield GR, Butnev VY, Gotschall RR, Baker VL, Moore WT. Structural features of mammalian gonadotropins.. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996 Dec 20;125(1-2):3-19.
    pubmed: 9027339doi: 10.1016/s0303-7207(96)03945-7google scholar: lookup
  34. Bright S, Antczak DF, Ricketts S. Studies on equine leukocyte antigens.. J Equine Med Surg Suppl 1:229–236.
  35. Brosnahan MM, Miller DC, Adams M, Antczak DF. IL-22 is expressed by the invasive trophoblast of the equine (Equus caballus) chorionic girdle.. J Immunol 2012 May 1;188(9):4181-7.
    pubmed: 22490443doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103509google scholar: lookup
  36. Brosnahan MM, Silvela EJ, Crumb J, Miller DC, Erb HN, Antczak DF. Ectopic Trophoblast Allografts in the Horse Resist Destruction by Secondary Immune Responses.. Biol Reprod 2016 Dec;95(6):135.
    pubmed: 27760752pmc: 5315430doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.137851google scholar: lookup
  37. Burton GJ, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Skepper JN, Jauniaux E. Uterine glands provide histiotrophic nutrition for the human fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 Jun;87(6):2954-9.
    pubmed: 12050279doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8563google scholar: lookup
  38. Cabrera-Sharp V, Read JE, Richardson S, Kowalski AA, Antczak DF, Cartwright JE, Mukherjee A, de Mestre AM. SMAD1/5 signaling in the early equine placenta regulates trophoblast differentiation and chorionic gonadotropin secretion.. Endocrinology 2014 Aug;155(8):3054-64.
    pubmed: 24848867pmc: 4183921doi: 10.1210/en.2013-2116google scholar: lookup
  39. Carnevale EM, Maclellan LJ, Stokes JAE. In Vitro Culture of Embryos from Horses.. Methods Mol Biol 2019;2006:219-227.
    pubmed: 31230284doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9566-0_16google scholar: lookup
  40. Carter AM, Enders AC. The evolution of epitheliochorial placentation.. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013 Jan;1:443-67.
    pubmed: 25387027doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103653google scholar: lookup
  41. Carter AM, Mess A. Evolution of the placenta in eutherian mammals.. Placenta 2007 Apr;28(4):259-62.
    pubmed: 16780944doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.04.010google scholar: lookup
  42. CLEGG MT, BODA JM, COLE HH. The endometrial cups and allantochorionic pouches in the mare with emphasis on the source of equine gonadotrophin.. Endocrinology 1954 Apr;54(4):448-63.
    pubmed: 13151141doi: 10.1210/endo-54-4-448google scholar: lookup
  43. Clutton-Brock J. Horse power: a history of the horse and the donkey in human societies.. .
  44. Cole LA. Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules.. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010 Aug 24;8:102.
    pubmed: 20735820pmc: 2936313doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-102google scholar: lookup
  45. Cole HH, Goss H. The source of equine gonadotropin.. .
  46. Cole HH, Hart GH. The potency of blood serum of mares in progressive stages of pregnancy in effecting the sexual maturity of the immature rat.. Am J Physiol 93:57–68.
  47. Croy BA, Chantakru S, Esadeg S, Ashkar AA, Wei Q. Decidual natural killer cells: key regulators of placental development (a review).. J Reprod Immunol 2002 Oct-Nov;57(1-2):151-68.
    pubmed: 12385840doi: 10.1016/s0165-0378(02)00005-0google scholar: lookup
  48. Daels PF, Albrecht BA, Mohammed HO. Equine chorionic gonadotropin regulates luteal steroidogenesis in pregnant mares.. Biol Reprod 1998 Nov;59(5):1062-8.
    pubmed: 9780310doi: 10.1095/biolreprod59.5.1062google scholar: lookup
  49. Davies CJ, Antczak DF, Allen WR. Reproduction in mules: embryo transfer using sterile recipients.. Equine Vet J Suppl 3:63–67.
  50. de Mestre AM, Miller D, Roberson MS, Liford J, Chizmar LC, McLaughlin KE, Antczak DF. Glial cells missing homologue 1 is induced in differentiating equine chorionic girdle trophoblast cells.. Biol Reprod 2009 Feb;80(2):227-34.
    pubmed: 18971425pmc: 2804814doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.070920google scholar: lookup
  51. de Mestre A, Noronha L, Wagner B, Antczak DF. Split immunological tolerance to trophoblast.. Int J Dev Biol 2010;54(2-3):445-55.
    pubmed: 19876828pmc: 2879498doi: 10.1387/ijdb.082795adgoogle scholar: lookup
  52. de Mestre AM, Hanlon D, Adams AP, Runcan E, Leadbeater JC, Erb HN, Costa CC, Miller D, Allen WR, Antczak DF. Functions of ectopically transplanted invasive horse trophoblast.. Reproduction 2011 Jun;141(6):849-56.
    pubmed: 21389079pmc: 5181105doi: 10.1530/rep-10-0462google scholar: lookup
  53. de Mestre AM, Rose BV, Chang YM, Wathes DC, Verheyen KLP. Multivariable analysis to determine risk factors associated with early pregnancy loss in thoroughbred broodmares.. Theriogenology 2019 Jan 15;124:18-23.
    pubmed: 30326374doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.10.008google scholar: lookup
  54. Devroey P, Bourgain C, Macklon NS, Fauser BC. Reproductive biology and IVF: ovarian stimulation and endometrial receptivity.. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004 Mar;15(2):84-90.
    pubmed: 15036255doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2004.01.009google scholar: lookup
  55. DeWolf S, Sykes M. Alloimmune T cells in transplantation.. J Clin Invest 2017 Jun 30;127(7):2473-2481.
    pubmed: 28628037pmc: 5490749doi: 10.1172/jci90595google scholar: lookup
  56. Dini P, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Ali HE, Loux SC, Esteller-Vico A, Scoggin KE, Loynachan AT, Kalbfleisch T, De Spiegelaere W, Daels P, Ball BA. Paternally expressed retrotransposon gag like 1 gene, RTL1, is one of the crucial elements for placental angiogenesis in horses.. Biol Reprod .
    doi: ioab039google scholar: lookup
  57. Donaldson WL, Zhang CH, Oriol JG, Antczak DF. Invasive equine trophoblast expresses conventional class I major histocompatibility complex antigens.. Development 1990 Sep;110(1):63-71.
    pubmed: 2081471doi: 10.1242/dev.110.1.63google scholar: lookup
  58. Donaldson WL, Oriol JG, Plavin A, Antczak DF. Developmental regulation of class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by equine trophoblastic cells.. Differentiation 1992 Dec;52(1):69-78.
    pubmed: 1286777doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1992.tb00501.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  59. Enders AC, Liu IK. Lodgement of the equine blastocyst in the uterus from fixation through endometrial cup formation.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1991;44:427-38.
    pubmed: 1795287
  60. Evans MJ, Irvine CH. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:193–200.
  61. Ewart J. A critical period in the development of the horse.. .
  62. Fedorka CE, Loux SL, Scoggin KE, Adams AA, Troedsson MHT, Ball BA. Alterations in T cell-related transcripts at the feto-maternal interface throughout equine gestation.. Placenta 2020 Jan 1;89:78-87.
    pubmed: 31730925doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.10.011google scholar: lookup
  63. Filant J, Spencer TE. Uterine glands: biological roles in conceptus implantation, uterine receptivity and decidualization.. Int J Dev Biol 2014;58(2-4):107-16.
    pubmed: 25023676pmc: 4199233doi: 10.1387/ijdb.130344tsgoogle scholar: lookup
  64. Flaminio MJ, Antczak DF. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and activation: a mechanism used by equine invasive trophoblast to escape the maternal immune response.. Placenta 2005 Feb-Mar;26(2-3):148-59.
    pubmed: 15708116doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.05.008google scholar: lookup
  65. Fonseca JF, Souza-Fabjan JM, Oliveira ME, Leite CR, Nascimento-Penido PM, Brandão FZ, Lehloenya KC. Nonsurgical embryo recovery and transfer in sheep and goats.. Theriogenology 2016 Jul 1;86(1):144-51.
    pubmed: 27177961doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.025google scholar: lookup
  66. Frost JM, Moore GE. The importance of imprinting in the human placenta.. PLoS Genet 2010 Jul 1;6(7):e1001015.
    pubmed: 20617174pmc: 2895656doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001015google scholar: lookup
  67. Futas J, Oppelt J, Janova E, Musilova P, Horin P. Complex variation in the KLRA (LY49) immunity-related genomic region in horses.. HLA 2020 Sep;96(3):257-267.
    pubmed: 32421927doi: 10.1111/tan.13939google scholar: lookup
  68. Gambini A, Maserati M. A journey through horse cloning.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017 Jan;30(1):8-17.
    pubmed: 29539299doi: 10.1071/rd17374google scholar: lookup
  69. Geisert RD, Whyte JJ, Meyer AE, Mathew DJ, Juárez MR, Lucy MC, Prather RS, Spencer TE. Rapid conceptus elongation in the pig: An interleukin 1 beta 2 and estrogen-regulated phenomenon.. Mol Reprod Dev 2017 Sep;84(9):760-774.
    pubmed: 28394035doi: 10.1002/mrd.22813google scholar: lookup
  70. Gerri C, McCarthy A, Alanis-Lobato G, Demtschenko A, Bruneau A, Loubersac S, Fogarty NME, Hampshire D, Elder K, Snell P, Christie L, David L, Van de Velde H, Fouladi-Nashta AA, Niakan KK. Initiation of a conserved trophectoderm program in human, cow and mouse embryos.. Nature 2020 Nov;587(7834):443-447.
    pubmed: 32968278pmc: 7116563doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2759-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  71. Ginther OJ. How ultrasound technologies have expanded and revolutionized research in reproduction in large animals.. Theriogenology 2014 Jan 1;81(1):112-25.
    pubmed: 24274416doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.007google scholar: lookup
  72. Gray AP. Mammalian hybrids: a check-list with bibliography.. .
  73. Gridelet V, Perrier d'Hauterive S, Polese B, Foidart JM, Nisolle M, Geenen V. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin: New Pleiotropic Functions for an "Old" Hormone During Pregnancy.. Front Immunol 2020;11:343.
    pubmed: 32231662pmc: 7083149doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00343google scholar: lookup
  74. Grünig G, Triplett L, Canady LK, Allen WR, Antczak DF. The maternal leucocyte response to the endometrial cups in horses is correlated with the developmental stages of the invasive trophoblast cells.. Placenta 1995 Sep;16(6):539-59.
    pubmed: 8570575doi: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80005-0google scholar: lookup
  75. Hamilton DW, Allen WR, Moor RM. The origin of equine endometrial cups. 3. Light and electron microscopic study of fully developed equine endometrial cups.. Anat Rec 1973 Dec;177(4):503-17.
    pubmed: 4762727doi: 10.1002/ar.1091770404google scholar: lookup
  76. Hanlon DW, Stevenson M, Evans MJ, Firth EC. Reproductive performance of Thoroughbred mares in the Waikato region of New Zealand: 1. Descriptive analyses.. N Z Vet J 2012 Nov;60(6):329-34.
    pubmed: 22905831doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.693039google scholar: lookup
  77. Hansen PJ. Implications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies for Pregnancy Outcomes in Mammals.. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020 Feb 15;8:395-413.
    pubmed: 32069434doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-084010google scholar: lookup
  78. Hendriks WK, Colleoni S, Galli C, Paris DBBP, Colenbrander B, Stout TAE. Mitochondrial DNA replication is initiated at blastocyst formation in equine embryos.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019 Mar;31(3):570-578.
    pubmed: 30423285doi: 10.1071/rd17387google scholar: lookup
  79. Hinrichs K. Assisted reproductive techniques in mares.. Reprod Domest Anim 2018 Sep;53 Suppl 2:4-13.
    pubmed: 30238661doi: 10.1111/rda.13259google scholar: lookup
  80. Huynh KD, Lee JT. Imprinted X inactivation in eutherians: a model of gametic execution and zygotic relaxation.. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2001 Dec;13(6):690-7.
    pubmed: 11698184doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00272-6google scholar: lookup
  81. Iqbal K, Chitwood JL, Meyers-Brown GA, Roser JF, Ross PJ. RNA-seq transcriptome profiling of equine inner cell mass and trophectoderm.. Biol Reprod 2014 Mar;90(3):61.
    pubmed: 24478389pmc: 4435230doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.113928google scholar: lookup
  82. Jones CJ, Choudhury RH, Aplin JD. Tracking nutrient transfer at the human maternofetal interface from 4 weeks to term.. Placenta 2015 Apr;36(4):372-80.
    pubmed: 25618838doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.002google scholar: lookup
  83. Kammerer R, Ballesteros A, Bonsor D, Warren J, Williams JM, Moore T, Dveksler G. Equine pregnancy-specific glycoprotein CEACAM49 secreted by endometrial cup cells activates TGFB.. Reproduction 2020 Nov;160(5):685-694.
    pubmed: 33065543doi: 10.1530/rep-20-0277google scholar: lookup
  84. Kinder JM, Turner LH, Stelzer IA, Miller-Handley H, Burg A, Shao TY, Pham G, Way SS. CD8(+) T Cell Functional Exhaustion Overrides Pregnancy-Induced Fetal Antigen Alloimmunization.. Cell Rep 2020 Jun 23;31(12):107784.
    pubmed: 32579916pmc: 7383938doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107784google scholar: lookup
  85. Klein C. Early pregnancy in the mare: old concepts revisited.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016 Jul;56 Suppl:S212-7.
    pubmed: 27345319doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.006google scholar: lookup
  86. Klohonatz KM, Hess AM, Hansen TR, Squires EL, Bouma GJ, Bruemmer JE. Equine endometrial gene expression changes during and after maternal recognition of pregnancy.. J Anim Sci 2015 Jul;93(7):3364-76.
    pubmed: 26440005doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-8826google scholar: lookup
  87. Kydd J, Miller J, Antczak DF, Allen WR. Maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1982;32:361-9.
    pubmed: 6962872
  88. Lea RG, Bolton AE. The effect of horse placental tissue extracts and equine chorionic gonadotrophin on the proliferation of horse lymphocytes stimulated in vitro.. J Reprod Immunol 1991 Jan;19(1):13-23.
    pubmed: 2007993doi: 10.1016/0165-0378(91)90003-9google scholar: lookup
  89. Leemans B, Gadella BM, Stout TA, De Schauwer C, Nelis H, Hoogewijs M, Van Soom A. Why doesn't conventional IVF work in the horse? The equine oviduct as a microenvironment for capacitation/fertilization.. Reproduction 2016 Dec;152(6):R233-R245.
    pubmed: 27651517doi: 10.1530/rep-16-0420google scholar: lookup
  90. Matsui T, Sugino H, Miura M, Bousfield GR, Ward DN, Titani K, Mizuochi T. Beta-subunits of equine chorionic gonadotropin and lutenizing hormone with an identical amino acid sequence have different asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991 Jan 31;174(2):940-5.
    pubmed: 1704232doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91509-bgoogle scholar: lookup
  91. McGrath J, Solter D. Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes.. Cell 1984 May;37(1):179-83.
    pubmed: 6722870doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90313-1google scholar: lookup
  92. Medicine PCOASFR. Gonadotropin preparations: past, present, and future perspectives.. Fertil Steril 90:S13–S20.
  93. Meeusen EN, Bischof RJ, Lee CS. Comparative T-cell responses during pregnancy in large animals and humans.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2001 Aug;46(2):169-79.
    pubmed: 11506082doi: 10.1111/j.8755-8920.2001.460208.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  94. Mikkola M, Hasler JF, Taponen J. Factors affecting embryo production in superovulated Bos taurus cattle.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019 Jan;32(2):104-124.
    pubmed: 32188562doi: 10.1071/rd19279google scholar: lookup
  95. Moffett A, Colucci F. Uterine NK cells: active regulators at the maternal-fetal interface.. J Clin Invest 2014 May;124(5):1872-9.
    pubmed: 24789879pmc: 4001528doi: 10.1172/jci68107google scholar: lookup
  96. Morris LHA. The development of in vitro embryo production in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2018 Nov;50(6):712-720.
    pubmed: 29654624doi: 10.1111/evj.12839google scholar: lookup
  97. Nakamura T, Shirouzu T, Nakata K, Yoshimura N, Ushigome H. The role of major histocompatibility complex in organ transplantation-donor specific anti-major histocompatibility complex antibodies analysis goes to the next stage.. Int J Mol Sci 20:4544.
    pmc: 6769817
  98. Naranjo Chacón F, Montiel Palacios F, Canseco Sedano R, Ahuja-Aguirre C. Embryo production after superovulation of bovine donors with a reduced number of FSH applications and an increased eCG dose.. Theriogenology 2020 Jan 1;141:168-172.
    pubmed: 31542520doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.018google scholar: lookup
  99. Noronha LE, Antczak DF. Maternal immune responses to trophoblast: the contribution of the horse to pregnancy immunology.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010 Oct;64(4):231-44.
    pubmed: 20618178doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00895.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  100. Noronha LE, Antczak DF. Modulation of T-cell reactivity during equine pregnancy is antigen independent.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012 Aug;68(2):107-15.
    pubmed: 22587222doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01154.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  101. Noronha LE, Harman RM, Wagner B, Antczak DF. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to equine NKp46.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Jun 15;147(1-2):60-8.
    pubmed: 22551980pmc: 3354985doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.003google scholar: lookup
  102. Noronha LE, Huggler KE, de Mestre AM, Miller DC, Antczak DF. Molecular evidence for natural killer-like cells in equine endometrial cups.. Placenta 2012 May;33(5):379-86.
    pubmed: 22357194pmc: 3319276doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.01.018google scholar: lookup
  103. Olivera R, Moro LN, Jordan R, Pallarols N, Guglielminetti A, Luzzani C, Miriuka SG, Vichera G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as nuclear donors improve viability and health of cloned horses.. Stem Cells Cloning 2018;11:13-22.
    pubmed: 29497320pmc: 5818860doi: 10.2147/sccaa.s151763google scholar: lookup
  104. Oriol JG. The equine embryonic capsule: practical implications of recent research.. Equine Vet J 1994 May;26(3):184-6.
    pubmed: 8542835doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04366.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  105. Oriol JG, Betteridge KJ, Clarke AJ, Sharom FJ. Mucin-like glycoproteins in the equine embryonic capsule.. Mol Reprod Dev 1993 Mar;34(3):255-65.
    pubmed: 8471247doi: 10.1002/mrd.1080340305google scholar: lookup
  106. Ortiz-Rodriguez JM, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Gil MC, Martín-Cano FE, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Hinrichs K, Álvarez-Barrientos A, Román Á, Peña FJ. Transcriptome analysis reveals that fertilization with cryopreserved sperm downregulates genes relevant for early embryo development in the horse.. PLoS One 2019;14(6):e0213420.
    pubmed: 31237882pmc: 6592594doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213420google scholar: lookup
  107. Palmer E, Bézard J, Magistrini M, Duchamp G. In vitro fertilization in the horse. A retrospective study.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1991;44:375-84.
    pubmed: 1795281
  108. Papkoff H. Variations in the properties of equine chorionic gonadotropin.. Theriogenology 1981 Jan;15(1):1-11.
    pubmed: 16725535doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(81)80013-1google scholar: lookup
  109. Pashen RL, Allen WR. The role of the fetal gonads and placenta in steroid production, maintenance of pregnancy and parturition in the mare.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 27:499–509.
  110. Pashen RL, Sheldrick EL, Allen WR, Flint AP. Dehydroepiandrosterone synthesis by the fetal foal and its importance as an oestrogen precursor.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1982;32:389-97.
    pubmed: 6220147
  111. Piliszek A, Madeja ZE. Pre-implantation Development of Domestic Animals.. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018;128:267-294.
    pubmed: 29477166doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.005google scholar: lookup
  112. Policastro P, Ovitt CE, Hoshina M, Fukuoka H, Boothby MR, Boime I. The beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin is encoded by multiple genes.. J Biol Chem 1983 Oct 10;258(19):11492-9.
    pubmed: 6194155
  113. Posfai E, Rovic I, Jurisicova A. The mammalian embryo's first agenda: making trophectoderm.. Int J Dev Biol 2019;63(3-4-5):157-170.
    pubmed: 31058294doi: 10.1387/ijdb.180404epgoogle scholar: lookup
  114. Rambags BP, Krijtenburg PJ, Drie HF, Lazzari G, Galli C, Pearson PL, Colenbrander B, Stout TA. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities in equine embryos produced in vivo and in vitro.. Mol Reprod Dev 2005 Sep;72(1):77-87.
    pubmed: 15948165doi: 10.1002/mrd.20302google scholar: lookup
  115. Rawn SM, Cross JC. The evolution, regulation, and function of placenta-specific genes.. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008;24:159-81.
    pubmed: 18616428doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175418google scholar: lookup
  116. Read JE, Cabrera-Sharp V, Kitscha P, Cartwright JE, King PJ, Fowkes RC, De Mestre AM. Glial cells missing 1 regulates equine chorionic gonadotrophin Beta subunit via binding to the proximal promoter.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:195.
  117. Read JE, Cabrera-Sharp V, Offord V, Mirczuk SM, Allen SP, Fowkes RC, de Mestre AM. Dynamic changes in gene expression and signalling during trophoblast development in the horse.. Reproduction 2018 Oct 1;156(4):313-330.
    pubmed: 30306765pmc: 6170800doi: 10.1530/rep-18-0270google scholar: lookup
  118. Renfree MB, Suzuki S, Kaneko-Ishino T. The origin and evolution of genomic imprinting and viviparity in mammals.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013 Jan 5;368(1609):20120151.
    pubmed: 23166401pmc: 3539366doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0151google scholar: lookup
  119. Rizzo M, Ducheyne KD, Deelen C, Beitsma M, Cristarella S, Quartuccio M, Stout TAE, de Ruijter-Villani M. Advanced mare age impairs the ability of in vitro-matured oocytes to correctly align chromosomes on the metaphase plate.. Equine Vet J 2019 Mar;51(2):252-257.
    pubmed: 30025174doi: 10.1111/evj.12995google scholar: lookup
  120. Robbin MG, Wagner B, Noronha LE, Antczak DF, de Mestre AM. Subpopulations of equine blood lymphocytes expressing regulatory T cell markers.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Mar 15;140(1-2):90-101.
    pubmed: 21208665doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.020google scholar: lookup
  121. Rock KL, Reits E, Neefjes J. Present Yourself! By MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules.. Trends Immunol 2016 Nov;37(11):724-737.
    pubmed: 27614798pmc: 5159193doi: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.010google scholar: lookup
  122. Roser JF, Meyers-Brown G. Enhancing Fertility in Mares: Recombinant Equine Gonadotropins.. J Equine Vet Sci 2019 May;76:6-13.
    pubmed: 31084750doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.004google scholar: lookup
  123. Rowe JH, Ertelt JM, Xin L, Way SS. Regulatory T cells and the immune pathogenesis of prenatal infection.. Reproduction 2013 Dec;146(6):R191-203.
    pubmed: 23929902pmc: 3805746doi: 10.1530/rep-13-0262google scholar: lookup
  124. Rutz S, Eidenschenk C, Ouyang W. IL-22, not simply a Th17 cytokine.. Immunol Rev 2013 Mar;252(1):116-32.
    pubmed: 23405899doi: 10.1111/imr.12027google scholar: lookup
  125. Salvany-Celades M, van der Zwan A, Benner M, Setrajcic-Dragos V, Bougleux Gomes HA, Iyer V, Norwitz ER, Strominger JL, Tilburgs T. Three Types of Functional Regulatory T Cells Control T Cell Responses at the Human Maternal-Fetal Interface.. Cell Rep 2019 May 28;27(9):2537-2547.e5.
    pubmed: 31141680doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.109google scholar: lookup
  126. Samuel CA, Allen WR, Steven DH. Ultrastructural development of the equine placenta.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:575–578.
  127. Samuel CA, Allen WR, Steven DH. Studies on the equine placenta II. Ultrastructure of the placental barrier.. J Reprod Fertil 1976 Nov;48(2):257-264.
    pubmed: 1033277doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0480257google scholar: lookup
  128. Schauder W. Untersuchungen uber die eithaute und Embryotrophe des pferdes.. Arch Anat Physiol 192:259–302.
  129. Scholtz EL, Krishnan S, Ball BA, Corbin CJ, Moeller BC, Stanley SD, McDowell KJ, Hughes AL, McDonnell DP, Conley AJ. Pregnancy without progesterone in horses defines a second endogenous biopotent progesterone receptor agonist, 5α-dihydroprogesterone.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Mar 4;111(9):3365-70.
    pubmed: 24550466pmc: 3948269doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318163111google scholar: lookup
  130. Schumacher A. Human chorionic gonadotropin as a pivotal endocrine immune regulator initiating and preserving fetal tolerance.. Int J Mol Sci 18:2166.
    pmc: 5666847
  131. Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Mediated Immune Responses That Facilitate Embryo Implantation and Placentation.. Front Immunol 2019;10:2896.
    pubmed: 31921157pmc: 6914810doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02896google scholar: lookup
  132. Sherman GB, Wolfe MW, Farmerie TA, Clay CM, Threadgill DS, Sharp DC, Nilson JH. A single gene encodes the beta-subunits of equine luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin.. Mol Endocrinol 1992 Jun;6(6):951-9.
    pubmed: 1379674doi: 10.1210/mend.6.6.1379674google scholar: lookup
  133. Shilton CA, Kahler A, Davis BW, Crabtree JR, Crowhurst J, McGladdery AJ, Wathes DC, Raudsepp T, de Mestre AM. Whole genome analysis reveals aneuploidies in early pregnancy loss in the horse.. Sci Rep 2020 Aug 7;10(1):13314.
    pubmed: 32769994pmc: 7415156doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69967-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  134. Short RV. The contribution of the mule to scientific thought.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:359–364.
  135. Smits K, De Coninck DI, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Govaere J, Van Poucke M, Peelman L, Deforce D, Van Soom A. The Equine Embryo Influences Immune-Related Gene Expression in the Oviduct.. Biol Reprod 2016 Feb;94(2):36.
    pubmed: 26740593doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.136432google scholar: lookup
  136. Smits K, Willems S, Van Steendam K, Van De Velde M, De Lange V, Ververs C, Roels K, Govaere J, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Peelman L, Deforce D, Van Soom A. Proteins involved in embryo-maternal interaction around the signalling of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the horse.. Sci Rep 2018 Mar 27;8(1):5249.
    pubmed: 29588480pmc: 5869742doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23537-6google scholar: lookup
  137. Sommer JR, Collins EB, Estrada JL, Petters RM. Synchronization and superovulation of mature cycling gilts for the collection of pronuclear stage embryos.. Anim Reprod Sci 2007 Aug;100(3-4):402-10.
    pubmed: 17118586doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.010google scholar: lookup
  138. Squires E. Current Reproductive Technologies Impacting Equine Embryo Production.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Jun;89:102981.
    pubmed: 32563442doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102981google scholar: lookup
  139. Squires EL, Ginther OJ. Follicular and luteal development in pregnant mares.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:429–433.
  140. Stabenfeldt GH, Hughes JP, Evans JW, Neely DP. Spontaneous prolongation of luteal activity in the mare.. Equine Vet J 1974 Oct;6(4):158-63.
    pubmed: 4473339doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1974.tb03952.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  141. Stout TAE. Clinical Application of in Vitro Embryo Production in the Horse.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Jun;89:103011.
    pubmed: 32563449doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103011google scholar: lookup
  142. Stout TA, Lamming GE, Allen WR. The uterus as a source of oxytocin in cyclic mares.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 56:281–287.
  143. Tachibana Y, Nakano Y, Nagaoka K, Kikuchi M, Nambo Y, Haneda S, Matsui M, Miyake Y, Imakawa K. Expression of endometrial immune-related genes possibly functioning during early pregnancy in the mare.. J Reprod Dev 2013;59(1):85-91.
    pubmed: 23138119doi: 10.1262/jrd.2012-142google scholar: lookup
  144. Takagi N, Sasaki M. Preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse.. Nature 1975 Aug 21;256(5519):640-2.
    pubmed: 1152998doi: 10.1038/256640a0google scholar: lookup
  145. Takeo T, Nakagata N. Superovulation using the combined administration of inhibin antiserum and equine chorionic gonadotropin increases the number of ovulated oocytes in C57BL/6 female mice.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0128330.
    pubmed: 26024317pmc: 4449130doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128330google scholar: lookup
  146. Than NG, Romero R, Goodman M, Weckle A, Xing J, Dong Z, Xu Y, Tarquini F, Szilagyi A, Gal P, Hou Z, Tarca AL, Kim CJ, Kim JS, Haidarian S, Uddin M, Bohn H, Benirschke K, Santolaya-Forgas J, Grossman LI, Erez O, Hassan SS, Zavodszky P, Papp Z, Wildman DE. A primate subfamily of galectins expressed at the maternal-fetal interface that promote immune cell death.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9731-6.
    pubmed: 19497882pmc: 2689813doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903568106google scholar: lookup
  147. Toyooka Y. Trophoblast lineage specification in the mammalian preimplantation embryo.. Reprod Med Biol 2020 Jul;19(3):209-221.
    pubmed: 32684820pmc: 7360972doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12333google scholar: lookup
  148. Tucci V, Isles AR, Kelsey G, Ferguson-Smith AC. Genomic Imprinting and Physiological Processes in Mammals.. Cell 2019 Feb 21;176(5):952-965.
    pubmed: 30794780doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.043google scholar: lookup
  149. Urwin VE, Allen WR. Pituitary and chorionic gonadotrophic control of ovarian function during early pregnancy in equids.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1982;32:371-81.
    pubmed: 6820064
  150. Valenzuela OA, Couturier-Tarrade A, Choi YH, Aubrière MC, Ritthaler J, Chavatte-Palmer P, Hinrichs K. Impact of equine assisted reproductive technologies (standard embryo transfer or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with in vitro culture and embryo transfer) on placenta and foal morphometry and placental gene expression.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018 Jan;30(2):371-379.
    pubmed: 28735601doi: 10.1071/rd16536google scholar: lookup
  151. van Niekerk CH, Gerneke WH. Persistence and parthenogentic cleavage of tubal ova in the mare.. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1966 Jun;33(1):195-232.
    pubmed: 6007779
  152. Vitez SF, Forman EJ, Williams Z. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in early pregnancy loss(✰).. Semin Perinatol 2019 Mar;43(2):116-120.
    pubmed: 30655022doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.12.009google scholar: lookup
  153. Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear TL, Adelson DL, Bailey E, Bellone RR, Blöcker H, Distl O, Edgar RC, Garber M, Leeb T, Mauceli E, MacLeod JN, Penedo MC, Raison JM, Sharpe T, Vogel J, Andersson L, Antczak DF, Biagi T, Binns MM, Chowdhary BP, Coleman SJ, Della Valle G, Fryc S, Guérin G, Hasegawa T, Hill EW, Jurka J, Kiialainen A, Lindgren G, Liu J, Magnani E, Mickelson JR, Murray J, Nergadze SG, Onofrio R, Pedroni S, Piras MF, Raudsepp T, Rocchi M, Røed KH, Ryder OA, Searle S, Skow L, Swinburne JE, Syvänen AC, Tozaki T, Valberg SJ, Vaudin M, White JR, Zody MC, Lander ES, Lindblad-Toh K. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse.. Science 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):865-7.
    pubmed: 19892987pmc: 3785132doi: 10.1126/science.1178158google scholar: lookup
  154. Wang X, Miller DC, Clark AG, Antczak DF. Random X inactivation in the mule and horse placenta.. Genome Res 2012 Oct;22(10):1855-63.
    pubmed: 22645258pmc: 3460181doi: 10.1101/gr.138487.112google scholar: lookup
  155. Wang X, Miller DC, Harman R, Antczak DF, Clark AG. Paternally expressed genes predominate in the placenta.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Jun 25;110(26):10705-10.
    pubmed: 23754418pmc: 3696791doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308998110google scholar: lookup
  156. Weber JA, Freeman DA, Vanderwall DK, Woods GL. Prostaglandin E2 secretion by oviductal transport-stage equine embryos.. Biol Reprod 1991 Oct;45(4):540-3.
    pubmed: 1751627doi: 10.1095/biolreprod45.4.540google scholar: lookup
  157. Wildman DE. Review: Toward an integrated evolutionary understanding of the mammalian placenta.. Placenta 2011 Mar;32 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S142-5.
    pubmed: 21306776pmc: 3437765doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.01.005google scholar: lookup
  158. Wildman DE, Chen C, Erez O, Grossman LI, Goodman M, Romero R. Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Feb 28;103(9):3203-8.
    pubmed: 16492730pmc: 1413940doi: 10.1073/pnas.0511344103google scholar: lookup
  159. Wilsher S, Allen WR. The effects of maternal age and parity on placental and fetal development in the mare.. Equine Vet J 2003 Jul;35(5):476-83.
    pubmed: 12875326doi: 10.2746/042516403775600550google scholar: lookup
  160. Wilsher S, Allen WR. Intrauterine administration of plant oils inhibits luteolysis in the mare.. Equine Vet J 2011 Jan;43(1):99-105.
    pubmed: 21143640doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00131.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  161. Wilsher S, Allen WR. Factors influencing placental development and function in the mare.. Equine Vet J Suppl 41:113–119.
  162. Wilsher S, Newcombe JR, Allen WRT. The immunolocalization of Galectin-1 and Progesterone-Induced Blocking Factor (PIBF) in equine trophoblast: Possible roles in trophoblast invasion and the immunological protection of pregnancy.. Placenta 2019 Sep 15;85:32-39.
    pubmed: 31445347doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.08.081google scholar: lookup
  163. Wooding FB, Morgan G, Fowden AL, Allen WR. A structural and immunological study of chorionic gonadotrophin production by equine trophoblast girdle and cup cells.. Placenta 2001 Sep-Oct;22(8-9):749-67.
    pubmed: 11597196doi: 10.1053/plac.2001.0707google scholar: lookup
  164. Woods GL, Baker CB, Baldwin JL, Ball BA, Bilinski J, Cooper WL, Ley WB, Mank EC, Erb HN. Early pregnancy loss in brood mares.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1987;35:455-9.
    pubmed: 3479600

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Mu S, Shen Y, Ren H, Ulaangerel T, Yi M, Zhao B, Hao A, Liu Q, Wen X, Dugarjaviin M, Bou G. Effects of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) on In Vitro Cultured Equine Chorionic Girdle Cells. Animals (Basel) 2025 Feb 6;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15030450pubmed: 39943220google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,103 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.