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Plasma D-dimer concentrations during experimental EHV-1 infection of horses.
Abstract: Central nervous system blood vessel thrombosis is a part of the pathogenesis of equid herpesvirus-associated myeloencephalopathy (EHM). D-dimers (DD) are stable breakdown products of cross-linked fibrin, and increased DD-plasma concentrations could reflect the degree of systemic coagulation during EHV-1 infection. Objective: We hypothesized that blood DD concentrations will be increased during periods of EHV-1 fever and viremia, reflecting an activated coagulation cascade with fibrinolysis. Methods: Twenty-eight equids were infected with EHV-1 in 3 experimental infection studies. Three (uninfected) horses were included in a separate study to evaluate methodology for DD concentration measurements. Methods: Clinical data and quantitative viremia were evaluated, and DD concentrations were measured in blood samples on the day before the infection and during days 1-12 postchallenge. Uninfected horses were sampled every 3 hours for 48 hours. Logistic and linear regression was used to investigate the potential association between the fever and viremia with the presence or absence of DD concentrations in peripheral blood. Results: DD concentrations were increased for 1-8 days in the majority of infected animals. Both viremia (odds ratio [OR] 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4-11.8; P = .0013) and fever (OR 4.9; CI 2.3-10.1; P = .001) were strongly associated with the likelihood of detecting DD in peripheral blood. Conclusions: EHV-1 viremia is associated with increases in DD concentration in horses and ponies. This indicates that EHV-1 viremia can lead to an activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Copyright © 2013 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Publication Date: 2013-09-20 PubMed ID: 24112533DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12203Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research explores the effect of experimental EHV-1 infection in horses, noting a significant increase in D-dimer (DD) concentrations in the horses’ blood during periods of EHV-1 fever and viremia.
Objective
The research was centered around investigating whether D-dimer (DD) concentrations in blood would elevate during periods of EHV-1 fever and viremia, signifying an activated coagulation cascade with fibrinolysis. The rationale behind this is that D-dimers are stable breakdown products of cross-linked fibrin and could reflect the degree of coagulation in EHV-1 infections.
Methodology
- The study involved 28 equids which were infected with EHV-1 through 3 different experimental infection studies.
- An additional parallel study comprised of three uninfected horses was conducted as a methodological measure for evaluating DD concentration measurements.
- Blood samples were collected a day before infection and then from day 1 to 12 after the infection for quantitative assessment of viremia and D-dimer concentrations.
- The uninfected horses were sampled every three hours for a period of 48 hours.
- Logistic and linear regression statistical methods were utilized to explore any potential associations between the fever and viremia with the detection of D-dimer concentrations.
Results
- The results revealed elevated DD concentrations in 1-8 days among a majority of infected animals.
- The study also found a high correlation between viremia and the likelihood of discovering D-dimer in peripheral blood (with an odds ratio of 6.3 and a 95% confidence interval of 3.4-11.8).
- Similarly, fever was also discovered to have a significant association with the likelihood of detecting D-dimer concentrations in peripheral blood (which had an odds ratio of 4.9 and a 95% confidence interval of 2.3-10.1).
Conclusions
The research concludes that EHV-1 viremia is highly associated with augmented D-dimer concentrations in horses, indicating that EHV-1 viremia can cause the activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. These insights can be pivotal in understanding the pathogenesis of equid herpesvirus-associated myeloencephalopathy (EHM) and in developing intervention strategies.
Cite This Article
APA
Goehring LS, Soboll Hussey G, Gomez Diez M, Benedict K, Maxwell LK, Morley PS, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Lunn DP.
(2013).
Plasma D-dimer concentrations during experimental EHV-1 infection of horses.
J Vet Intern Med, 27(6), 1535-1542.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12203 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- DNA, Viral / chemistry
- DNA, Viral / genetics
- Female
- Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / analysis
- Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections / blood
- Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections / virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
- Regression Analysis
- Viremia / blood
- Viremia / immunology
- Viremia / veterinary
- Viremia / virology
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022 Jan;20(1):e07036.
- Zarski LM, Giessler KS, Jacob SI, Weber PSD, McCauley AG, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses. Viruses 2021 Feb 24;13(3).
- Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Transcriptomic Profiling of Equine and Viral Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Horses during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection. Pathogens 2021 Jan 7;10(1).
- Stokol T, Soboll Hussey G. Editorial: Current Research in Equid Herpesvirus Type-1 (EHV-1). Front Vet Sci 2019;6:492.
- Serpa PBS, Brooks MB, Divers T, Ness S, Birschmann I, Papich MG, Stokol T. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of an Oral Formulation of Apixaban in Horses After Oral and Intravenous Administration. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:304.
- Stokol T, Serpa PBS, Brooks MB, Divers T, Ness S. Subcutaneous Administration of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin to Horses Inhibits Ex Vivo Equine Herpesvirus Type 1-Induced Platelet Activation. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:106.
- Stokol T, Serpa PBS, Zahid MN, Brooks MB. Unfractionated and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and the Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, IBMX and Cilostazol, Block Ex Vivo Equid Herpesvirus Type-1-Induced Platelet Activation. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:99.
- Schliewert EC, Hooijberg EH, Goddard A. Experimental infection of horses with African horse sickness virus results in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):619-629.
- Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
- Soboll-Hussey G, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross P, Neinast C, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Lunn DP. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1872-1891.
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