Plasma endotoxin concentrations in experimental and clinical equine subjects.
Abstract: Endotoxin (LPS) was quantitated in experimental subjects and in horses with naturally occurring gastrointestinal strangulation obstruction and/or septicaemic diseases to establish the fate of LPS and the clinical usefulness of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The assay was validated for sensitivity (10 pg/ml), recovery (90 to 106 per cent), intra-assay precision (CV = 5.5 per cent) inter-assay precision (CV = 11 per cent), and stability of diluted, heat treated, frozen samples (at least 90 days). Plasma concentrations of LPS after sublethal (3 micrograms/kg) jugular or portal vein bolus injections of LPS rose to 4000 pg/ml and 1500 pg/ml respectively followed by a rapid phase of clearance. Peak plasma concentrations of LPS, associated with slow portal infusion, were lower than peak values associated with bolus injections, remained elevated during the infusion (2 h), but rapidly decreased after infusion was stopped. Thirty seven horses with 38 episodes of naturally occurring gastrointestinal or septicaemic disease were assayed for LPS. Eight episodes involving gastrointestinal disease and eight involving septicaemic disease were positive for LPS. It is concluded that the LAL assay is sensitive and reliable for detecting LPS in equine plasma and it may have clinical value for establishing the severity of endotoxaemia or for distinguishing between septic and non-septic conditions. Problems of rapid clearance of LPS from plasma, low concentrations, the possibility of sample contamination, and the time and method of sample procurement remain to be addressed.
Publication Date: 1989-06-01 PubMed ID: 9118101DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05650.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Clinical Findings
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Study
- Diagnosis
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Treatment
- Endotoxin
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Gastrointestinal Diseases
- Gastrointestinal Health
- Horses
- Immune Response
- Immune System
- Inflammation
- Laboratory Methods
- Plasma
- Sepsis
- Septicemia
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Research
Summary
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The article discusses a study conducted to understand the behavior of endotoxins in horses, particularly those with gastrointestinal or septic illnesses. The method used to detect the endotoxins (LPS) was the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, which the study confirms as a reliable and sensitive tool.
Research Methodology
- The study made use of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The assay was tested for sensitivity (10 pg/ml), recovery (90 to 106 per cent), and intra-assay as well as inter-assay precision. The study also examined the stability of diluted, heat-treated, frozen samples (for at least 90 days).
- The method involved sublethal jugular or portal vein bolus injections of endotoxins (LPS) to experimental subjects.
- The changes in plasma concentrations of LPS after injection were closely monitored. The peak plasma concentrations associated with slow portal infusion and the clearance phase were all recorded.
Experimental and Clinical Findings
- Results found that plasma concentrations of LPS rose to 4000 pg/ml and 1500 pg/ml respectively for jugular and portal vein injections. After the initial rise, the plasma concentrations showed a rapid phase of clearance.
- The study also observed that for slow portal infusion, the peak plasma concentrations were lower than those associated with bolus injections. Even so, the levels remained elevated during the infusion (2 hours), but subsequently decreased rapidly once the infusion was stopped.
- This experiment was also replicated in 37 horses with naturally occurring gastrointestinal or septicaemic diseases to test the assay’s accuracy in real-world conditions. In particular, eight cases each of gastrointestinal and septicaemic diseases were detected by the assay to be positive for LPS.
Conclusion and Challenges
- The paper concludes that the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is a reliable and sensitive tool for detecting endotoxins in horses and could therefore be useful in determining the severity of endotoxemia, or for distinguishing between septic and non-septic conditions.
- Nevertheless, the authors raised concerns regarding the problems of rapid clearance of LPS from plasma, low concentrations, sample contamination, and the timing and method of sample procurement. The study emphasizes that these aspects require further research and addressal.
Cite This Article
APA
Fessler JF, Bottoms GD, Coppoc GL, Gimarc S, Latshaw HS, Noble JK.
(1989).
Plasma endotoxin concentrations in experimental and clinical equine subjects.
Equine Vet J Suppl(7), 24-28.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05650.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bacterial Infections / blood
- Bacterial Infections / veterinary
- Endotoxemia / blood
- Endotoxemia / veterinary
- Endotoxins / blood
- Endotoxins / pharmacokinetics
- Female
- Horse Diseases / blood
- Horses
- Intestinal Obstruction / blood
- Intestinal Obstruction / veterinary
- Limulus Test / methods
- Limulus Test / veterinary
- Male
- Sensitivity and Specificity
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Mukhopadhyay A, Cook SR, SanMiguel P, Ekenstedt KJ, Taylor SD. TLR4 and MD2 variation among horses with differential TNFα baseline concentrations and response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion.. Sci Rep 2023 Jan 27;13(1):1486.
- Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Sparing the gut: COX-2 inhibitors herald a new era for treatment of horses with surgical colic.. Equine Vet Educ 2020 Nov;32(11):611-616.
- Patan-Zugaj B, Egerbacher M, Licka TF. Endotoxin-induced changes in expression of cyclooxygenase isoforms in the lamellar tissue of extracorporeally haemoperfused equine limbs.. Anat Histol Embryol 2020 Sep;49(5):597-605.
- Parkinson NJ, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Witonsky SG, Pleasant RS, Werre SR, Ahmed SA. Characterization of basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced microRNA expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Next-Generation Sequencing.. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177664.
- Reisinger N, Schaumberger S, Nagl V, Hessenberger S, Schatzmayr G. Concentration Dependent Influence of Lipopolysaccharides on Separation of Hoof Explants and Supernatant Lactic Acid Concentration in an Ex Vivo/In Vitro Laminitis Model.. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0143754.
- Vinther AM, Skovgaard K, Heegaard PM, Andersen PH. Dynamic expression of leukocyte innate immune genes in whole blood from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jun 16;11:134.
- Carregaro AB, Freitas GC, Ribeiro MH, Xavier NV, Dória RG. Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis.. BMC Vet Res 2014 Dec 21;10:966.
- Krueger CR, Ruple-Czerniak A, Hackett ES. Evaluation of plasma muscle enzyme activity as an indicator of lesion characteristics and prognosis in horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain.. BMC Vet Res 2014;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S7.
- Larsen J, Dolvik NI, Teige J Jr. Acute post-treatment enterocolitis in 13 horses treated in a Norwegian surgical ward.. Acta Vet Scand 1996;37(2):203-11.
- Aiumlamai S, Kindahl H, Fredriksson G, Edqvist LE, Kulander L, Eriksson O. The role of endotoxins in induced ruminal acidosis in calves.. Acta Vet Scand 1992;33(2):117-27.
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