FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Open veterinary journal2025; 15(9); 4007-4023; doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.6

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan as a treatment for osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine: Summary of the pharmacological, laboratory, and clinical data.

Abstract: Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) is an antiarthritic drug that has been used in veterinary medicine for many years. PSGAG is rapidly distributed to diseased joint tissue after intraarticular or intramuscular administration, as shown in pharmacological studies conducted on a variety of animal species. In diseased joint tissue, PSGAG stimulates: 1) its own incorporation into the cartilage matrix, 2) inhibition of catabolic enzymes, 3) anabolic effects in the synovial and cartilage tissue, and 4) anti-inflammatory effects. Laboratory and clinical studies in humans, rabbits, horses, and dogs have shown reduced severity of clinical signs and beneficial biochemical and morphological effects in inflamed or damaged joints. The drug has minimal side effects and adverse reactions in horses and dogs. Due to the above findings, PSGAG has been classified as a disease modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD), and the drug remains a popular treatment for synovial inflammation and osteoarthritis in horses and dogs. Herein, we review the experimental and clinical evidence that led PSGAG to its classification as a DMOAD.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-09-30 PubMed ID: 41200294PubMed Central: PMC12587828DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.6Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the use of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) as a treatment for osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine.
  • It summarizes the pharmacological properties, laboratory findings, and clinical data supporting PSGAG’s benefits and safety in animals like horses and dogs.

Pharmacological Characteristics of PSGAG

  • Administration and Distribution: PSGAG can be administered intraarticularly (directly into the joint) or intramuscularly.
  • Targeted Delivery: After administration, PSGAG rapidly distributes to diseased joint tissues across different animal species.
  • Mechanism of Action in Joint Tissue:
    • PSGAG promotes its own incorporation into the cartilage matrix, facilitating repair processes.
    • It inhibits catabolic enzymes that break down cartilage components, helping halt further cartilage degradation.
    • Stimulates anabolic (building) activities in both synovial (joint lining) and cartilage tissues, encouraging tissue regeneration.
    • Exerts anti-inflammatory effects, reducing joint inflammation and related symptoms.

Laboratory Evidence

  • Cross-Species Study: Laboratory studies conducted in humans, rabbits, horses, and dogs demonstrate PSGAG’s positive effects on joint tissue.
  • Effects Observed:
    • Reduction in biochemical markers of cartilage degradation.
    • Improvement in morphological features of injured or inflamed joints, indicating structural healing.

Clinical Data and Efficacy

  • Symptom Improvement: Clinical trials and observations report reduced severity of osteoarthritic signs such as pain and mobility issues in treated animals.
  • Applications: PSGAG is commonly used to treat synovial inflammation and osteoarthritis in horses and dogs, where it remains a popular choice.
  • Safety Profile: PSGAG is associated with minimal side effects and adverse reactions in these animals, underscoring its suitability for long-term use.

Classification as a Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drug (DMOAD)

  • Based on the combined pharmacological, laboratory, and clinical evidence supporting its disease-modifying properties, PSGAG has been classified as a DMOAD.
  • This classification emphasizes PSGAG’s role not just in symptom relief but in altering the underlying disease process of osteoarthritis.
  • The review article consolidates the experimental and clinical data that justify PSGAG as a therapeutic agent that can modify joint degeneration rather than just masking symptoms.

Conclusion

  • PSGAG is a well-established veterinary drug with proven benefits in managing osteoarthritis and synovial inflammation in animals.
  • Its multifaceted actions—including cartilage repair stimulation, enzyme inhibition, anabolic and anti-inflammatory effects—underpin its efficacy.
  • Minimal side effects make PSGAG a preferred option for long-term osteoarthritis management in veterinary medicine.
  • This review highlights the robust scientific foundation that supports PSGAG’s classification as a disease-modifying treatment in osteoarthritis therapy for animals.

Cite This Article

APA
White GW. (2025). Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan as a treatment for osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine: Summary of the pharmacological, laboratory, and clinical data. Open Vet J, 15(9), 4007-4023. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.6

Publication

Open veterinary journal
ISSN: 2218-6050
NlmUniqueID: 101653182
Country: Libya
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 9
Pages: 4007-4023

Researcher Affiliations

White, Gary W
  • GCT Consulting Services, Inc., Sallisaw, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Osteoarthritis / drug therapy
  • Osteoarthritis / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Glycosaminoglycans / therapeutic use
  • Glycosaminoglycans / pharmacology
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Dog Diseases / drug therapy
  • Humans
  • Rabbits

References

This article includes 107 references
  1. Adrian D.E, Rishniw M, Scherk M, Lascelles B.D.X. Prescribing practices of veterinarians in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2019;21(6):495–506. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18787910.
    doi: 10.1177/1098612X18787910pmc: PMC10814540pubmed: 30033841google scholar: lookup
  2. Akermark C, Crone H, Elsasser U, Forsskåhl B. Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate injections in lateral humeral epicondylalgia: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Int. J. Sports Med. 1995;16(3):196–200. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972991.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972991pubmed: 7649712google scholar: lookup
  3. Altman R.D, Dean D.D, Muniz O.E, Howell D.S. Therapeutic treatment of canine osteoarthritis with glycosaminoglycan polysulfuric acid ester. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32(10):1300–1307. doi: 10.1002/anr.1780321016.
    doi: 10.1002/anr.1780321016pubmed: 2803328google scholar: lookup
  4. Anderson K, Garner M.M, Reed H.H, Cook K, Aguilar R, Horton S, Case A.L, Wolf K.N. Hemorrhagic diathesis in avian species following intramuscular administration of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2013;44(1):93–99. doi: 10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.93.
    doi: 10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.93pubmed: 23505708google scholar: lookup
  5. Bach G.L, Panse P, Zeiller P. Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. III. Biochemical-diagnostic and clinical studies on the intramuscular use of GAGPS. Z. Rheumatol. 1977;36(7-8):269–274.
    pubmed: 919801
  6. Baici A, Salgam P, Fehr K, Böni A. Inhibition of human elastase from polymorphonuclear leucocytes by a glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (Arteparon) Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980;29(12):1723–1727. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90131-8.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90131-8pubmed: 6447504google scholar: lookup
  7. Booth L.C, Pool R.R, Redding W.R. The effects of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan on the healing of collagenase induced tendinitis. Vet. Comparative Orthopaedics Traumatol. 1999;12:48–55.
  8. Brennan J.J, Aherne F.X, Nakano T. Effects of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate treatment on soundness, hyaluronic acid content of synovial fluid and proteoglycan aggregate in articular cartilage of lame boars. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1987;51(3):394–398.
    pmc: PMC1255345pubmed: 3651896
  9. Burba D.J, Collier M.A, Default L.E, Hanson-Painton O, Thompson H.C, Holder C.L. In vivo kinetic study on uptake and distribution of intramuscular tritium-labeled polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in equine body fluid compartments and articular cartilage in an osteochondrial defect model. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1993;13(12):696–703.
  10. Burkhardt D, Ghosh P. Laboratory evaluation of antiarthritic drugs as potential chondroprotective agents. Seminars Arthritis Rheumatism. 1987;17(2):3–34.
    pubmed: 3333893
  11. Bwalya E.C, Kim S, Fang J, Wijekoon H.M.S, Hosoya K, Okumura M. Effects of pentosan polysulfate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chondrogenesis of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in alginate and micromass culture. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2017;79(7):1182–1190. doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0084.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0084pmc: PMC5559361pubmed: 28552861google scholar: lookup
  12. Caron J.P, Kaneene J.B, Miller R. Results of a survey of equine practitioners on the use and perceived efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1996;209(9):1564–1568.
    pubmed: 8899019
  13. Caron J.P, Toppin D.S, Block J.A. Effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on osteoarthritic equine articular cartilage in explant culture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993;54(7):1116–1121.
    pubmed: 8368608
  14. Clegg P.D, Jones M.D, Carter S.D. The effect of drugs commonly used in the treatment of equine articular disorders on the activity of equine matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998;21(5):406–413. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00157.x.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00157.xpubmed: 9811443google scholar: lookup
  15. Collier M.A, Clark D, DeBaull L, White G.W, Jones E.W, Walls R, Hamm J. The distribution of radiabeled PSGAG in canine synovial fluid and articular cartilage after intramuscular injection of 3HPSGAG. Canine Practice (September/October) Canine Pract. 1998;23(5):6–9.
  16. Collier M, Haugland L, DeBault L, Walls R, Siqueria L.D. 3H-PSGAG concentrations in the synovial fluid of the equine carpal, forefetlock, hock, and coffin joints following a 500-mg intramuscular injection. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1993;15(6):274–278.
  17. de Haan J.J, Goring R.L, Beale B.S. Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for the treatment of hip dysplasia in dogs. Vet. Surg. 1994;23(3):177–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00468.x.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00468.xpubmed: 8066981google scholar: lookup
  18. De Messias I.T, Mohren D, Kajdacsy-Balla A. Inhibition of the classical and alternative pathways of the human complement system by glycosaminoglycan polysulfate. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 1994;4(4):172–176.
    pubmed: 7850029
  19. Dettmer N, Nowack H, Raake W. Thrombozyten Aggregation Nach Heparin und Arteparon. Munch. Med. Wschr. 1983;125(25):540–542.
    pubmed: 6412086
  20. Dettmer N. The therapeutic effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (Arteparon) in arthroses depending on the mode of administration (intraarticular or intramuscular) Z. Rheumatol. 1979;38:163–181.
    pubmed: 473929
  21. Dustmann H.O, Puhl W, Martin K. Intra-articular injections of arteparon for arthrosis. Animal experiments (author’s transl) Z. Orthop. Ihre Grenzgeb. 1974;112(6):1188–1196.
    pubmed: 4282667
  22. Eckenberger H.P. The therapy of gonarthrosis with Arteparon. X Europ Cong Rheumatol Moscow. 1983
  23. Egg D. Effects of glycosaminoglycan-polysulfate and two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin E2 synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1983;15(8):709–717. doi: 10.1016/s0031-6989(83)80001-0.
    doi: 10.1016/s0031-6989(83)80001-0pubmed: 6227019google scholar: lookup
  24. Brakke Consulting . Product and Market Insights. Greensboro, NC; 2022. Equine Market Mega Study V.
  25. Ewers B.J, et al. Haut R.C. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycan treatments can mitigate decreases in stiffness of articular cartilage in a traumatized animal joint. J. Orthop. Res. 2000;18(5):756–761. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100180512.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.1100180512pubmed: 11117297google scholar: lookup
  26. Eylau O. Intra-articular heparin therapy of genuine arthrosis deformans of the knee joint. Intraarticulare Heparin-Behandlung der genuinen Arthrosis deformans der Kniegelenke. Med. Klin. 1959;54(4):145.
    pubmed: 13643532
  27. FDA. Adequan IA NADA 136-383 Freedom of Information summary. FDA. 1984
  28. FDA. Adequan IM NADA 140-901 Freedom of Information summary. Amendment. 1996 Available via https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/views/#/foiDrugSummaries#foiApplicationInfo .
  29. Ferris D.J, Frisbie D.D, Mcilwraith C.W, Kawcak C.E. Current joint therapy usage in equine practice: a survey of veterinarians 2009. Equine Vet. J. 2011;43(5):530–535. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00324.x.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00324.xpubmed: 21668486google scholar: lookup
  30. Food and Drug Administration. Adequan Canine (Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan) NADA 141-038 (Freedom of information summary, Issue) Rome: Food and Drug Administration; 1997.
  31. Francis D.J, Hutadilok N, Kongtawelert P, Ghosh P. Pentosan polysulphate and glycosaminoglycan polysulphate stimulate the synthesis of hyaluronan in vivo. Rheumatol. Int. 1993;13(2):61–64. doi: 10.1007/BF00307735.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00307735pubmed: 7689248google scholar: lookup
  32. Frean S.P, Lees P. Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and hyaluronan on prostaglandin E2 production by cultured equine synoviocytes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000;61(5):499–505. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.499.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.499pubmed: 10803643google scholar: lookup
  33. Frisbie D.D, Kawcak C.E, Mcilwraith C.W. Evaluation of the effect of extracorporeal shock wave treatment on experimentally induced osteoarthritis in middle carpal joints of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2009b;70(4):449–454. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.449.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.449pubmed: 19335099google scholar: lookup
  34. Frisbie D.D, Kawcak C.E, Mcilwraith C.W, Werpy N.M. Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan or sodium hyaluronan administered intra-articularly for treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2009a;70(2):203–209. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.2.203.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.2.203pubmed: 19231952google scholar: lookup
  35. Fubini S.L, Boatwright C.E, Todhunter R.J, Lust G. Effect of intramuscularly administered polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on articular cartilage from equine joints injected with methylprednisolone acetate. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993;54(8):1359–1365.
    pubmed: 8214910
  36. Fujiki M, Shineha J, Yamanokuchi K, Misumi K, Sakamoto H. Effects of treatment with polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C-reactive protein concentrations, serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities, and lameness in dogs with osteoarthritis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2007;68(8):827–833. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.827.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.827pubmed: 17669022google scholar: lookup
  37. Gallacchi G, et al. Muller W. Incorporation of intramuscularly injected glycosaminoglycan polysulfate in human joint cartilage. Proc. 9th Eur. Cong. Rheumat. 1979;199:102.
  38. Gaustad G, Larsen S. Comparison of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan and sodium hyaluronate with placebo in treatment of traumatic arthritis in horses. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27(5):356–362. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04070.x.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04070.xpubmed: 8654350google scholar: lookup
  39. Glade M.J. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan accelerates net synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans by arthritic equine cartilage tissues and chondrocytes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1990;51(5):779–785.
    pubmed: 2337277
  40. Golding J, Ghosh P. Drugs for osteoarthrosis II: the effects of a glycosaminoglycan polysulphate ester (Arteparon) on proteoglycan aggregation and loss from articular cartilage of immobilized rabbit knee joints. Curr. Therapeutic Res. 1983;34(1):67–80.
  41. Greiling H. Biochemical investigations of the mode of action of Arteparon. Proc 9th Europ Cong Rheumat. 1979;11:18.
  42. Greiling H, Kaneko M. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes by glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate. Therapy of chronic joint diseases using compounds with antidegenerative properties; biochemistry. Arzneimittelforschung. 1973;23(4):593–597.
    pubmed: 4268070
  43. Greiling H. In Biopolymere und Biomechanik von Bindegewebssystemen. Springer-Verlag Berlin; 1974. Biorheological Properties and the Proteo Hyaluronate content of Synovial Fluid.
  44. Gustafson S.B, Mcilwraith C.W, Jones R.L. Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a subinfective dose of Staphylococcus aureus in the midcarpal joint of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1989a;50(12):2014–2017.
    pubmed: 2610426
  45. Gustafson S.B, Mcilwraith C.W, Jones R.L, Dixon-White H.E. Further investigations into the potentiation of infection by intra-articular injection of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and the effect of filtration and intra-articular injection of amikacin. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1989b;50:2018–2022.
    pubmed: 2610427
  46. Hamm D, Jones W. Intra-articular (IA) and intramuscular (IM) treatment of noninfectious equine arthritis (DJD) with polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1988;8(6):456–459.
  47. Hamm D, Goldman L, Jones E.W. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan: a new intra-articular treatment for equine lameness. Vet. Med. 1984;79:811–816.
  48. Hannan N, Ghosh P, Bellenger C, Taylor T. Systemic administration of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (arteparon) provides partial protection of articular cartilage from damage produced by meniscectomy in the canine. J. Orthop. Res. 1987;5(1):47–59. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100050108.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.1100050108pubmed: 2950217google scholar: lookup
  49. Ishikawa K, Kitagawa T, Tanaka T, Terayama K, Kuriya N, Iwata H, Niwa S, Sakurai M. Clinical testing of intra-articularly injected glycosaminoglycan polysulfate in gonarthrosis (a controlled multicenter double-blind study) Z. Orthop. Ihre Grenzgeb. 1982;120(5):708–716. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1051383.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1051383pubmed: 6758391google scholar: lookup
  50. Iwata H, Kaneko M, Kawai K, Kajino G, Nakagawa M. Uptake of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate by articular and meniscus cartilage: a biochemical and autoradiographic investigation. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1980;153(153):265–272.
    pubmed: 7449226
  51. Jikuya K, Doi R. Studies on the fate of mucopolysaccharides polysulfate in animals. Shikoku Acta Medica. 1975;31(1):99–110.
  52. Kannus P, Natri A, Niittymäki S, Järvinen M. Effect of intraarticular glycosaminoglycan polysulfate treatment on patellofemoral pain syndrome. A prospective, randomized double-blind trial comparing glycosaminoglycan polysulfate with placebo and quadriceps muscle exercises. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35(9):1053–1061. doi: 10.1002/art.1780350910.
    doi: 10.1002/art.1780350910pubmed: 1418021google scholar: lookup
  53. Kawcak C.E, Frisbie D.D, Mcilwraith C.W. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan treatment on subchondral bone, serum biomarkers, and synovial fluid biomarkers in horses with induced osteoarthritis. AJVR. 2011;72(6):772–779. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.772.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.772pubmed: 21627523google scholar: lookup
  54. Kristiansen K.K, Kold S.E. Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint. Equine Vet. J. 2007;39:150–156. doi: 10.2746/042516407x170094.
    doi: 10.2746/042516407x170094pubmed: 17378444google scholar: lookup
  55. Kruze K, Fehr K, Boni A. Effect of antirheumatic drugs on cathepsin B1 from bovine spleen. Z. Rheumatol. 1976;35(3-4):95–102.
    pubmed: 817531
  56. Kubitza G. Zur Therapie degenerativer Gelenkerkrankungen bei Pferden und Hunden. Tierärztliche Umschau. 1966;21:402–408.
  57. Loos M, Heinz H.P. Wirkung eines mucopolysaccharidpolyschwefelsaureesters (MPS, arteparon) auf das komplement system. Schweiz.-Deutsch. Rheumatol. 1982;3(5):155.
  58. Lust G, Williams A.J, Burton-Wurster N, Beck K.A, Rubin G. Effects of intramuscular administration of glycosaminoglycan polysulfates on signs of incipient hip dysplasia in growing pups. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1992;53(10):1836–1843.
    pubmed: 1456530
  59. Marr C, Love S, Boyd J, Mckellar Q. Factors affecting the clinical outcome of injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon in National Hunt and point-to-point racehorses. Vet. Rec. 1993;132(19):476–479. doi: 10.1136/vr.132.19.476.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.132.19.476pubmed: 8506599google scholar: lookup
  60. May S, Hooke R, Lees P. The effect of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthritis on stromelysin (proteoglycanase) of equine synovial cell origin. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 1988;93:281.
    pubmed: 9079060
  61. McIlwraith C.W. Intra-articular and systemic medications for the treatment of equine joint disease. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1996;42:101–125.
  62. McIlwraith C.W, Frisbie D.D, Kawcak C.E. Current treatments for traumatic synovitis, capsulitis, and osteoarthritis. In Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 2001
  63. Momburg H. Klinisch-Chemische Veränderungen in der Synovialflüssigkeit nach intraartikularer Injektion eines Glykosaminoglykanpolysulfats. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Rheumatol. 1976;4:383–390.
    pubmed: 997813
  64. Moraes J.R.E, Facco G.G, Moraes F.R, Engracia Filho J.R, Miyazato L.G, Beretta D.C. Effects of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate on the organisation of collagen fibres in experimentally induced tendonitis in horses. Vet. Rec. 2009;165(7):203–205. doi: 10.1136/vr.165.7.203.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.165.7.203pubmed: 19684346google scholar: lookup
  65. Muller W, Dick W, Panse P. Konzentrationen von Glykosaminoglykanpolysulfat im Serum, in der Synovia und im Knorpel nach intramuskulärer Injektion beim Menschen. Therapie-Woche. 1981;31:5902–5914.
  66. Muller W, Panse P, Brand S, Staubli A. In vivo study of the distribution, affinity for cartilage and metabolism of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (GAGPS, Arteparon) Z. Rheumatol. 1983;42(6):355–361.
    pubmed: 6229938
  67. Nethery A, Giles I, Jenkins K, Jackson C, Burks P, Burkhardt D, Ghosh P, Whitelock J, O'Grady R.L, Welgus H.G. The chondroprotective drugs, Arteparon and sodium pentosan polysulphate, increase collagenase activity and inhibit stromelysin activity in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992;44(8):1549–1553. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90471-t.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90471-tpubmed: 1384503google scholar: lookup
  68. Nishikawa H, Mori I, Umemoto J. Influences of sulfated glycosaminoglycans on biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid in rabbit knee synovial membrane. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1985;240((1)):146–153. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90017-7.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90017-7pubmed: 4015094google scholar: lookup
  69. Oryan A, Goodship A.E, Silver I.A. Response of a collagenase-induced tendon injury to treatment with a polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan) Connect. Tissue Res. 2008;49(5):351–360. doi: 10.1080/03008200802325169.
    doi: 10.1080/03008200802325169pubmed: 18991088google scholar: lookup
  70. Panse P, Zeiller P, Sensh K.H. Distribution and excretion of a glycosaminopolysulfate in the rabbit after parenteral application (author’s transl) Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26(11):2024–2029.
    pubmed: 1037238
  71. Raatikainen T, Väänänen K, Tamelander G. Effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate on chondromalacia patellae. A placebo-controlled 1-year study. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1990;61(5):443–448. doi: 10.3109/17453679008993559.
    doi: 10.3109/17453679008993559pubmed: 2239170google scholar: lookup
  72. Rashmir-Raven A.M, Coyne C.P, Fenwick B.W, Gaughan E.M, Andrews G.A, Debowes R.M. Inhibition of equine complement activity by polysulfated glycosaminoglycans. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1992;53(1):87–90.
    pubmed: 1539920
  73. Reis I.L, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa A.C, Caseiro A.R, Mendonça C.M, Santos J.M, Atayde L.M, Alvites R.D, Maurício A.C. Equine musculoskeletal pathologies: clinical approaches and therapeutical perspectives-a review. Vet. Sci. 2024;11(5):11. doi: 10.3390/vetsci11050190.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11050190pmc: PMC11126110pubmed: 38787162google scholar: lookup
  74. Richter A. Therapy of joint diseases. Experimental and clinical experience with a mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester. Med. Monatsschr. 1970;24(3):121–125.
    pubmed: 4245078
  75. Sadowski T, Steinmeyer J. Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and triamcinolone acetonid on the production of proteinases and their inhibitors by IL-1alpha treated articular chondrocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002;64(2):217–227. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01073-0.
    doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01073-0pubmed: 12123742google scholar: lookup
  76. Sevalla K, Todhunter R.J, Vernier-Singer M, Budsberg S.C. Effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on DNA content and proteoglycan metabolism in normal and osteoarthritic canine articular cartilage explants. Vet. Surg. 2000;29(5):407–414. doi: 10.1053/jvet.2000.9139.
    doi: 10.1053/jvet.2000.9139pubmed: 10999454google scholar: lookup
  77. Siegmeth W, Radi I. Comparison of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (Arteparon) and physiological saline solution in arthrosis of the large joints. Results of a multicenter double-blind study. Z. Rheumatol. 1983;42(4):223–228.
    pubmed: 6228080
  78. Simpson A, Rosychuck R, Schissler J, Souza C. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan as a novel, adjunctive therapy for pemphigus foliaceus in three dogs. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2019;55(6):318–322. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6750.
    doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6750pubmed: 31525095google scholar: lookup
  79. Smith L.C.R, Wylie C.E, Palmer L, Ramzan P.H.L. Synovial sepsis is rare following intrasynovial medication in equine ambulatory practice. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51(5):595–599. doi: 10.1111/evj.13063.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13063pubmed: 30589107google scholar: lookup
  80. Stanciková M, Trnavský K, Keilová H. The effect of antirheumatic drugs on collagenolytic activity of cathepsin B1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977;26:22, 2121–2124. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90262-3.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90262-3pubmed: 303903google scholar: lookup
  81. Stephens R.W, Walton E.A, Ghosh P, Taylor T.K, Gramse M, Havemann K. A radioassay for proteolytic cleavage of isolated cartilage proteoglycan. 2. Inhibition of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G by anti-inflammatory drugs. Arzneimittelforschung. 1980;30(12):2108–2112.
    pubmed: 6908533
  82. Thomas D.P, Lane D.A, Michalski R, Johnson E.A, Kakkar V.V. A heparin analogue with specific action on antithrombin III. Lancet. 1977;1(8003):120–122. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91708-1.
    doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91708-1pubmed: 64653google scholar: lookup
  83. Todhunter R.J, Lust G. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in the treatment of osteoarthritis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1994;204(8):1245–1251.
    pubmed: 8014098
  84. Todhunter R.J, Altman N.S, Kallfelz F.A, Nersesian P, Lust G. Use of scintimetry to assess effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on equine carpal joints with osteochondral defects. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993a;54(7):997–1006.
    pubmed: 8368620
  85. Todhunter R.J, Freeman K.P, Yeager A.E, Lust G. Effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on the development of osteoarthritis in equine carpal joints with osteochondral defects. Vet. Surg. 1993b;22(5):330–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1993.tb00409.x.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1993.tb00409.xpubmed: 8236786google scholar: lookup
  86. Trotter G.W, Yovich J.V, McIlwraith C.W, Norrdin R.W. Effects of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chemical and physical defects in equine articular cartilage. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1989;53(2):224–230.
    pmc: PMC1255551pubmed: 2469533
  87. Tsuboi I, Matsuura T, Shichijo S. Effect of glycosaminoglycan-polysulfate on human neutrophil function. Japanese J. Inflammation. 1988;8(2):131–135.
  88. Ueno R. Results of intramuscular injection of glycosamino-glycanpolysaccharide (GAGPS) in experimental arthrosis of the knee in dogs (author’s transl) Z. Orthop. Ihre Grenzgeb. 1976;114(1):108–112.
    pubmed: 131433
  89. Varcoe G, Tomlinson J, Manfredi J. Owner perceptions of long-term systemic use of subcutaneous administration of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2021;57(5):205–211. doi: 10.5326/JAAHAMS-7101.
    doi: 10.5326/JAAHAMS-7101pubmed: 34496011google scholar: lookup
  90. Verbruggen G, Veys E. Influence of sulphated glycosaminoglycans upon proteoglycan metabolism of the synovial lining cells. Acta Rhumatol. Bel. 1977;1:75–92.
    pubmed: 755364
  91. Verbruggen G, Veys E.M. Influence of an oversulphated heparinoid upon hyaluronate metabolism of the human synovial cell in vivo. J. Rheumatol. 1979;6(5):554–561.
    pubmed: 93148
  92. Verbruggen G, Veys E.M. Ghent, Belgium: Excerpta Medica; 1980. Proteoglycan metabolism of connective tissue cells. an in vitro technique and its relevance to in vivo conditions. In Degenerative joints, test tubes, tissues, models, man. Proceedings of the First Conference on Degenerative Joint Diseases. Application of Fundamental Knowledge in Human Pathology.
  93. Verbruggen G, et al. Veys E. International Drug Symposium ArteparonR. Basle: Eular Publisher; 1982. Treatment of chronic degenerative joint diseases with a glycosaminoglycan polysulfate.
  94. Von der Mark K. Collagen synthesis in cultures of chondrocytes as effected by arteparon. IX Eur Congr Rheumatol Basel Euler. 1980;39:50.
  95. Walesby H.A, Rosenbusch R, Booth L.C, Riley C.B. Uptake and distribution of tritium-labeled polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in serum, urine, and superficial digital flexor tendon of rabbits after intramuscular administration. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000;61(1):20–23. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.20.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.20pubmed: 10630772google scholar: lookup
  96. Walton E.A, Stevens R.W, Ghosh P, Toylor T.K.F. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and articular cartilage integrity. Seminars. Arthritis Rheumatism. 1981;11(1):147–149.
  97. White G.W. Results of a positive controlled blinded multicenter field trial comparing intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and intra-articular sodium hyaluronate M.I.C.E.M. Maastricht International Congress on Equine Medicine. In Proceedings of 10th International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association Moscow Russia, Maastricht, Netherlands. 1997
  98. White G.W. Can We Attenuate the Effect of Joint Injuries on Young Racehorses by Administration of Intramuscular Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan? J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1998;18(2):786–788.
  99. White G.W, Fregin G.F. Efficacy of a targeted regimen of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on developmental joint lesions in thoroughbred foals. In WEVA - International Congress - World Equine Veterinary Association, Moscow. 2008
  100. White G.W, Fregin G.F, Selden J.R. Effect of prophylactic intramuscular administration of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on developmental and traumatic joint injuries in thoroughbred foals. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2007;27(3):107–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2007.01.011.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2007.01.011google scholar: lookup
  101. White G.W, Jones E.W, Hamm J, Sanders T. The efficacy of orally administered sulfated glycosaminoglycan in chemically induced equine synovitis and degenerative joint disease. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1994;14:350–353.
  102. White G.W, Stites T, Jones E.W, Jordan S. Efficacy of intramuscular chondroitin sulfate and compounded acetyl-d-glucosamine in a positive controlled study of equine carpitis. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2003;23:295–300.
  103. Wolf H, Nowack H, Wick G. Detection of antibodies interacting with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate in patients treated with heparin or other polysulfated glycosaminoglycans. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1983;70(2):157–163. doi: 10.1159/000233315.
    doi: 10.1159/000233315pubmed: 6218123google scholar: lookup
  104. Wonn A.M, Brooks M.B, Hu H, Gamble K.C. Hypocoagulability effect of adequan in domestic chickens (Gallus Gallus) and chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus Chilensis. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2022;53(1):126–132. doi: 10.1638/2021-0052.
    doi: 10.1638/2021-0052pubmed: 35339157google scholar: lookup
  105. Yovich J.V, Trotter G.W, Mcilwraith C.W, Norrdin R.W. Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chemical and physical defects in equine articular cartilage. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1987;48(9):1407–1414.
    pubmed: 3662210
  106. Zanotto G.M, Frisbie D.D. Current joint therapy usage in equine practice: changes in the last 10 years. Equine Vet. J. 2021 doi: 10.1111/evj.13489.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13489pubmed: 34143532google scholar: lookup
  107. Zhou Z.H, Rajabi M, Chen T, Karnaukhova E, Kozlowski S. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate inhibits the complement classical pathway by potentiating C1 inhibitor. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47296. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047296.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047296pmc: PMC3471833pubmed: 23077587google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,367 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.