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Reviews in medical virology2026; 36(3); e70165; doi: 10.1002/rmv.70165

Possible Effects of C-Reactive Protein in the Central Nervous System During Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection.

Abstract: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus vectored by mosquitos. It can cause disease in equines and humans characterised by a febrile illness that may progress into encephalitis. Replication of VEEV in the central nervous system induces activation of glial cells and neurons, compromising the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inducing a state of neuroinflammation. This inflammation can lead to symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and sustained inflammation contributes to neurodegeneration. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker that has previously been associated with inflammation and infection. It is now known that its functions are related to various brain disorders. Circulating increased CRP levels correlate with alterations in brain structure and metabolism associated with cognitive vulnerability, suggesting the effect of CRP on brain cell biology. However, the fact that alphavirus (including VEEV) infection is accompanied by increased CRP production makes it likely that VEEV infection induces the production of this protein systemically and/or mediated by the activation of brain cells. This review highlights a role of CRP in the brain parenchyma, influencing various aspects of VEEV brain infection such as general inflammation, BBB permeability, hypoxia, apoptosis, interaction with different brain cells, and brain metabolism. The influence of CRP in the brain may exacerbate the inflammatory process induced by VEEV. The existence of several drugs with anti-CRP effects opens their use in the treatment of VEEV brain infection.
© 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2026-05-17 PubMed ID: 42142379DOI: 10.1002/rmv.70165Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the potential role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the central nervous system during infection by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and how CRP might influence brain inflammation, barrier integrity, and neuronal damage.

Background on Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV)

  • VEEV is an alphavirus transmitted by mosquitos.
  • It infects both equines (horses) and humans.
  • The infection initially causes fever and may progress into encephalitis (brain inflammation).
  • Within the central nervous system (CNS), VEEV replicates and activates glial cells and neurons.
  • This activation leads to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which normally protects the brain.
  • The compromised BBB allows immune cells and molecules to enter the brain, inducing neuroinflammation.
  • Neuroinflammation is linked to symptoms like confusion, seizures, coma, and can cause ongoing neurodegeneration.

Role of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Inflammation and Brain Disorders

  • CRP is commonly known as a biomarker for systemic inflammation and infections.
  • Recent evidence has linked elevated CRP levels with alterations in brain structure and metabolism.
  • Such changes are associated with cognitive vulnerability, indicating CRP’s impact on brain cell biology.
  • Alphavirus infections, including VEEV, tend to increase CRP production.
  • CRP can be produced systemically (in the bloodstream) or locally by brain cells activated during infection.

Potential Effects of CRP in the Brain During VEEV Infection

  • CRP may influence general brain inflammation by modulating immune responses within the CNS.
  • It potentially affects the permeability of the BBB, possibly exacerbating its breakdown during infection.
  • CRP is implicated in promoting hypoxia (oxygen deprivation), which damages brain tissue.
  • It may contribute to apoptosis, the programmed death of neurons and glial cells.
  • CRP interacts with various brain cell types, including neurons and glial cells, altering their functions.
  • The protein might also affect brain metabolism, potentially worsening energy deficits during infection.
  • Overall, CRP’s presence in the brain may worsen the neuroinflammatory environment created by VEEV.

Implications for Treatment

  • Since increased CRP levels can exacerbate inflammation and damage, targeting CRP could be a therapeutic strategy.
  • Several drugs known to have anti-CRP effects already exist.
  • These drugs might be repurposed to treat VEEV brain infection by reducing harmful inflammation.
  • Further research is necessary to explore how anti-CRP treatments could improve outcomes in VEEV-induced encephalitis.

Summary

  • This review emphasizes the importance of CRP as a mediator of brain inflammation and damage during VEEV infection.
  • It suggests that CRP contributes to worsening the pathophysiology of VEEV encephalitis by affecting inflammation, BBB integrity, cell death, and metabolism.
  • Understanding the role of CRP may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing neurological complications in infected patients.

Cite This Article

APA
Valero-Cedeño N, Durán A, Mosquera JA. (2026). Possible Effects of C-Reactive Protein in the Central Nervous System During Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection. Rev Med Virol, 36(3), e70165. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70165

Publication

Reviews in medical virology
ISSN: 1099-1654
NlmUniqueID: 9112448
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 36
Issue: 3
Pages: e70165

Researcher Affiliations

Valero-Cedeño, Nereida
  • Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Dr Américo Negrette, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Durán, Anyelo
  • Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
Mosquera, Jesus A
  • Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Dr Américo Negrette, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Animals
  • C-Reactive Protein / metabolism
  • Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / physiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / virology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / pathology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / immunology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / metabolism
  • Blood-Brain Barrier / virology
  • Brain / virology
  • Brain / pathology
  • Brain / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Central Nervous System / virology
  • Biomarkers

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