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Post-entry restriction of retroviral infections.
Abstract: Pathogenic retroviruses have driven the evolution of several dominant-acting mechanisms able to block infection and protect the host. These are exemplified by the mouse gene Fv1, which encodes a Gag-like protein able to protect against murine leukemia virus (MLV) infection. The block is saturable, occurs after reverse transcription and is directed against the viral capsid gene. Several other mammalian species are also able to block MLV infection with the same capsid specificity. A human gene with this activity has been named Ref1. Recently, primates have been shown to restrict a variety of retroviruses only very distantly related to MLVs through a gene named Lv1. Restricted viruses include MLV as well as lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, simian immunodeficiency virus and equine infectious anemia virus. In each case the block to one retrovirus can be saturated by co-infection with a second restricted virus. The possible mechanisms of action, and evolutionary consequences of restriction, are reviewed.
Publication Date: 2003-11-06 PubMed ID: 14598564 The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- P.H.S.
- Review
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research focuses on understanding how pathogenic retroviruses have influenced the evolution of certain mechanisms in the host that block infections. Examples like the mouse gene Fv1 are examined, which create a saturable block against the murine leukemia virus (MLV). Furthermore, the study explores how other species exhibit similar resistance and the possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon.
Understanding Pathogenic Retroviruses
- Pathogenic retroviruses are described in this research as drivers of evolution for specific mechanisms in a host. These mechanisms are able to block the infection and protect the host organism.
- Essentially, the presence of these viruses has led to the development of sophisticated defense mechanisms in the host.
The Role of the Fv1 Gene
- The research explores the example of the mouse gene Fv1. This gene codes for a Gag-like protein that protects against the murine leukemia virus (MLV) infection.
- This type of protection, or block, is saturable, meaning it can reach a maximum level of effectiveness. Importantly, the block occurs after the virus has reversed transcribed and targets the viral capsid gene specifically.
Similar Mechanisms in Other Species
- The research also identifies that there are other mammalian species that can block MLV infection in a similar way, targeting the same capsid specificity.
- In humans, a gene with the same defensive activity has been identified and named Ref1.
Restriction in Primates
- Primates have been shown to restrict or limit the invasion of various retroviruses, some of which are only loosely related to MLVs.
- This is done through a gene called Lv1, which restricts a range of viruses including MLVs and other lentiviruses like the human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and equine infectious anemia virus.
Beyond Single-Virus Attacks
- The research also indicates that in each case where a host has a block against a particular retrovirus, this block can be overcome by co-infection with a second restricted virus.
- This illustrates the intricate nature of these defensive blocks and their potential vulnerability to sophisticated viral attacks.
Possible Mechanisms and Evolutionary Consequences
- Finally, the paper reviews the potential mechanisms that might explain these block actions, as well as discussing the implications of these restriction mechanisms on the evolutionary pathways of these hosts.
Cite This Article
APA
Towers GJ, Goff SP.
(2003).
Post-entry restriction of retroviral infections.
AIDS Rev, 5(3), 156-164.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Wohl Virion Center, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute, University College London, 46 Cleveland St., London W1T 4JF, UK.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Humans
- Lentivirus / genetics
- Lentivirus / physiology
- Mammals / virology
- Moloney murine leukemia virus / genetics
- Moloney murine leukemia virus / growth & development
- Moloney murine leukemia virus / physiology
- Retroviridae / genetics
- Retroviridae / physiology
- Retroviridae Infections / genetics
- Retroviridae Infections / immunology
- Retroviridae Infections / metabolism
- Retroviridae Infections / virology
Grant Funding
- R01 CA 30488 / NCI NIH HHS
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Rajsbaum R, García-Sastre A, Versteeg GA. TRIMmunity: the roles of the TRIM E3-ubiquitin ligase family in innate antiviral immunity. J Mol Biol 2014 Mar 20;426(6):1265-84.
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- Uchil PD, Quinlan BD, Chan WT, Luna JM, Mothes W. TRIM E3 ligases interfere with early and late stages of the retroviral life cycle. PLoS Pathog 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e16.
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- Ikeda Y, Ylinen LM, Kahar-Bador M, Towers GJ. Influence of gag on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 species-specific tropism. J Virol 2004 Nov;78(21):11816-22.
- Gao G, Goff SP. Isolation of suppressor genes that restore retrovirus susceptibility to a virus-resistant cell line. Retrovirology 2004 Sep 28;1:30.
- Keckesova Z, Ylinen LM, Towers GJ. The human and African green monkey TRIM5alpha genes encode Ref1 and Lv1 retroviral restriction factor activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Jul 20;101(29):10780-5.
- Bakaletz LO. Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004 Jul;2(7):552-68.
- Nisole S, Saïb A. Early steps of retrovirus replicative cycle. Retrovirology 2004 May 14;1:9.
- Narayan S, Young JA. Reconstitution of retroviral fusion and uncoating in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 May 18;101(20):7721-6.
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