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Home / Equine Research Bank / Sensors (Basel) / Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors...
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)2024; 25(1); 70; doi: 10.3390/s25010070

Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors and Analysis of the Doping of Epinephrine in Equine Blood.

Abstract: In this paper, a novel molecularly imprinted polymer membrane modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical sensors (MIP-OH-MWCNTs-GCE) for epinephrine (EP) was successfully prepared by a gel-sol method using an optimized functional monomer oligosilsesquioxane-AlO sol-ITO composite sol (ITO-POSS-AlO). Hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OH-MWCNTs) were introduced during the modification of the electrodes, and the electrochemical behavior of EP on the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors was probed by the differential pulse velocity (DPV) method. The experimental conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the response peak current values showed a good linear relationship with the epinephrine concentration in the range of 0.0014-2.12 μM, and the detection limit was 4.656 × 10 M. The prepared molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to the detection of actual samples of horse serum with recoveries of 94.97-101.36% (RSD), which indicated that the constructed molecularly imprinted membrane electrochemical sensor has a high detection accuracy for epinephrine in horse blood, and that it has a better value for practical application.
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Publication Date: 2024-12-26 PubMed ID: 39796862PubMed Central: PMC11723366DOI: 10.3390/s25010070Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article presents a new method of preparing a polymer membrane for electrochemical sensors that can accurately detect the presence of epinephrine in horse blood.

Preparation of the Sensor

  • The authors first prepared a molecularly imprinted polymer membrane that was modified to a glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was designed specifically for the detection of a hormone called epinephrine.
  • The imprinted polymer membrane was prepared using a gel-sol method, which is a process for creating a solid material from small particles suspended in liquid.
  • The authors used a specific type of functional monomer, oligosilsesquioxane-AlO, combined with a composite sol of ITO-POSS-AlO to build the polymer structure.
  • A key aspect of the sensor preparation was the introduction of hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes during the electrode modification. These special tubes, because of their high conductivity and large surface area, can increase the efficiency and sensitivity of electrochemical sensors.

Sensor Testing and Performance

  • Once the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors were ready, the authors used the differential pulse velocity method to study the behavior of epinephrine on these sensors.
  • The experimental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and time, were carefully optimized to ensure the best possible detection of epinephrine.
  • Under the optimized experimental conditions, the sensor was able to detect epinephrine in a concentration range of 0.0014-2.12 μM, with a detection limit of 4.656 × 10 M.
  • Furthermore, the sensor displayed a linear response to the epinephrine concentration, which indicates that it can accurately measure different levels of this hormone.

Sensor Application

  • The molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor, once validated and optimized, was then used to detect epinephrine in actual horse blood samples.
  • The sensor demonstrated a high level of accuracy, with recoveries of 94.97-101.36% (RSD).
  • This high detection accuracy in real-world samples indicates that the sensor has practical applications, particularly for monitoring the doping of horses in sports such as horse racing where epinephrine is often used to enhance performance.

Cite This Article

APA
Wang Z, Li Y, Xi X, Zou Q, Zhang Y. (2024). Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors and Analysis of the Doping of Epinephrine in Equine Blood. Sensors (Basel), 25(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010070

Publication

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 1424-8220
NlmUniqueID: 101204366
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
PII: 70

Researcher Affiliations

Wang, Zhao
  • Equine Science Research and Horse Doping Control Laboratory, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Racing Horse Detection and Application Transformation, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China.
Li, Yanqi
  • Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
Xi, Xiaoxue
  • Equine Science Research and Horse Doping Control Laboratory, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Racing Horse Detection and Application Transformation, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China.
Zou, Qichao
  • Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
Zhang, Yuexing
  • Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Organic Functional Materials and Green Low-Carbon Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Epinephrine / blood
  • Epinephrine / analysis
  • Horses / blood
  • Animals
  • Molecular Imprinting / methods
  • Electrochemical Techniques / methods
  • Nanotubes, Carbon / chemistry
  • Electrodes
  • Limit of Detection
  • Molecularly Imprinted Polymers / chemistry
  • Doping in Sports
  • Polymers / chemistry
  • Biosensing Techniques / methods
  • Biosensing Techniques / instrumentation

Grant Funding

  • 2022010801010425 / Knowledgeu00a0Innovationu00a0Programu00a0ofu00a0Wuhan-Basicu00a0Research
  • 2023KB011 / Wuhan Business University Doctoral Fund
  • ZXQD03 / Wuhan Business University Doctoral Research Launch Fund

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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