FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Antimicrob Agents Chemother / Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet...
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy1996; 40(10); 2285-2287; doi: 10.1128/AAC.40.10.2285

Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals.

Abstract: Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated glycopeptide resistance were isolated by enrichment culture from the intestines and feces of several animal species, mainly horses and dogs (8% positive), chickens (7% positive), and pigs (6% positive). Other vanA-positive enterococcal strains were identified as E. durans in gallinaceous birds, E. faecalis in a horse, and E. gallinarum in a pheasant. Samples from pigeons, cage birds, and ruminants were negative. It was concluded that vancomycin resistance is widespread among isolates from farm and pet animals.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1996-10-01 PubMed ID: 8891131PubMed Central: PMC163520DOI: 10.1128/AAC.40.10.2285Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in different animal species, particularly farm and pet animals, concluding that the resistance is fairly widespread within this population.

Objective of the Study

  • The key objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and level of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in different types and species of animals, with a particular focus on those living on farms, as well as pets.

Methods Used in The Study

  • The researchers isolated strains of Enterococcus faecium with vanA-mediated glycopeptide resistance. This was achieved through enrichment culture from intestines and feces of various animal species.
  • The animals surveyed in this study included horses, dogs, chickens, pigs, gallinaceous birds, and a pheasant.
  • Other species studied but found to be void of vancomycin resistance were pigeons, cage birds, and ruminants.

Results of the Study

  • Through this study, the researchers drew the conclusion that vancomycin resistance is fairly widespread among bacterial isolates from farm and pet animals.
  • It was specifically found that 8% of dogs and horses, 7% of chickens, and 6% of pigs were positive for vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
  • Other animals were found to have vancomycin-resistant strains, such as E. durans in gallinaceous birds, E. faecalis in a horse, and E. gallinarum in a pheasant.
  • However, pigeons, cage birds, and ruminants were found to be void of any vancomycin resistance.

Conclusion of the Studies

  • The conclusion pulled from this research is that vancomycin resistance, specifically vanA-mediated glycopeptide resistance, is prevalent in a large portion of pet and farm animals studied. This has implications for antimicrobial resistance management in agricultural and domestic settings.

Cite This Article

APA
Devriese LA, Ieven M, Goossens H, Vandamme P, Pot B, Hommez J, Haesebrouck F. (1996). Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40(10), 2285-2287. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.40.10.2285

Publication

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
ISSN: 0066-4804
NlmUniqueID: 0315061
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 40
Issue: 10
Pages: 2285-2287

Researcher Affiliations

Devriese, L A
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Ieven, M
    Goossens, H
      Vandamme, P
        Pot, B
          Hommez, J
            Haesebrouck, F

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Animals, Domestic / microbiology
              • Animals, Zoo / microbiology
              • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
              • Drug Resistance, Microbial
              • Enterococcus / drug effects
              • Enterococcus / genetics
              • Feces / microbiology
              • Genes, Bacterial
              • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
              • Polymerase Chain Reaction
              • Vancomycin / pharmacology

              References

              This article includes 15 references
              1. Van der Auwera P, Pensart N, Korten V, Murray BE, Leclercq R. Influence of oral glycopeptides on the fecal flora of human volunteers: selection of highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci.. J Infect Dis 1996 May;173(5):1129-36.
                pubmed: 8627064doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.5.1129google scholar: lookup
              2. Klare I, Heier H, Claus H, Böhme G, Marin S, Seltmann G, Hakenbeck R, Antanassova V, Witte W. Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance isolated from animal foodstuffs and fecal samples of humans in the community.. Microb Drug Resist 1995 Fall;1(3):265-72.
                pubmed: 9158786doi: 10.1089/mdr.1995.1.265google scholar: lookup
              3. Dutta GN, Devriese LA. Susceptibility of fecal streptococci of poultry origin to nine growth-promoting agents.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982 Oct;44(4):832-7.
                pubmed: 7149716doi: 10.1128/aem.44.4.832-837.1982google scholar: lookup
              4. Hall LM, Chen HY, Williams RJ. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus durans.. Lancet 1992 Oct 31;340(8827):1105.
                pubmed: 1357503doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93133-8google scholar: lookup
              5. Klare I, Heier H, Claus H, Witte W. Environmental strains of Enterococcus faecium with inducible high-level resistance to glycopeptides.. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993 Jan 1;106(1):23-9.
                pubmed: 8440464doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05930.xgoogle scholar: lookup
              6. Clark NC, Cooksey RC, Hill BC, Swenson JM, Tenover FC. Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from U.S. hospitals.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 Nov;37(11):2311-7.
                pubmed: 8285611doi: 10.1128/AAC.37.11.2311google scholar: lookup
              7. Devriese LA, Pot B, Collins MD. Phenotypic identification of the genus Enterococcus and differentiation of phylogenetically distinct enterococcal species and species groups.. J Appl Bacteriol 1993 Nov;75(5):399-408.
                pubmed: 8300442doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02794.xgoogle scholar: lookup
              8. Torres C, Reguera JA, Sanmartin MJ, Pérez-Díaz JC, Baquero F. vanA-mediated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. in sewage.. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994 Mar;33(3):553-61.
                pubmed: 8040119doi: 10.1093/jac/33.3.553google scholar: lookup
              9. Dutka-Malen S, Blaimont B, Wauters G, Courvalin P. Emergence of high-level resistance to glycopeptides in Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994 Jul;38(7):1675-7.
                pubmed: 7979308doi: 10.1128/AAC.38.7.1675google scholar: lookup
              10. Bates J, Jordens JZ, Griffiths DT. Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man.. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994 Oct;34(4):507-14.
                pubmed: 7868403doi: 10.1093/jac/34.4.507google scholar: lookup
              11. Jordens JZ, Bates J, Griffiths DT. Faecal carriage and nosocomial spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994 Oct;34(4):515-28.
                pubmed: 7868404doi: 10.1093/jac/34.4.515google scholar: lookup
              12. Dutka-Malen S, Evers S, Courvalin P. Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR.. J Clin Microbiol 1995 Jan;33(1):24-7.
                pubmed: 7699051doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.1.24-27.1995google scholar: lookup
              13. Thal LA, Chow JW, Mahayni R, Bonilla H, Perri MB, Donabedian SA, Silverman J, Taber S, Zervos MJ. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995 Sep;39(9):2112-5.
                pubmed: 8540725doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.9.2112google scholar: lookup
              14. Gordts B, Van Landuyt H, Ieven M, Vandamme P, Goossens H. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients.. J Clin Microbiol 1995 Nov;33(11):2842-6.
                pubmed: 8576330doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.11.2842-2846.1995google scholar: lookup
              15. Aarestrup FM. Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms.. Microb Drug Resist 1995 Fall;1(3):255-7.
                pubmed: 9158784doi: 10.1089/mdr.1995.1.255google scholar: lookup

              Citations

              This article has been cited 49 times.
              1. Palmieri A, Martinelli M, Pellati A, Carinci F, Lauritano D, Arcuri C, Baggi L, Gatto R, Scapoli L. Prevalence of Enterococci and Vancomycin Resistance in the Throat of Non-Hospitalized Individuals Randomly Selected in Central Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Jul 7;12(7).
                doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12071161pubmed: 37508257google scholar: lookup
              2. Wada Y, Irekeola AA, E A R ENS, Yusof W, Lih Huey L, Ladan Muhammad S, Harun A, Yean CY, Zaidah AR. Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in Companion Animals: The First Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021 Jan 31;10(2).
                doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020138pubmed: 33572528google scholar: lookup
              3. Dolka B, Czopowicz M, Chrobak-Chmiel D, Ledwoń A, Szeleszczuk P. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of Enterococcus species in racing pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica). BMC Vet Res 2020 Jan 8;16(1):7.
                doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2200-6pubmed: 31910839google scholar: lookup
              4. Simm R, Slettemeås JS, Norström M, Dean KR, Kaldhusdal M, Urdahl AM. Significant reduction of vancomycin resistant E. faecium in the Norwegian broiler population coincided with measures taken by the broiler industry to reduce antimicrobial resistant bacteria. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0226101.
                doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226101pubmed: 31830083google scholar: lookup
              5. Kissinga HD, Mwombeki F, Said K, Katakweba AAS, Nonga HE, Muhairwa AP. Antibiotic susceptibilities of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp. isolated from ducks in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2018 Jan 31;11(1):87.
                doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3201-4pubmed: 29386067google scholar: lookup
              6. Webb HE, Angulo FJ, Granier SA, Scott HM, Loneragan GH. Illustrative examples of probable transfer of resistance determinants from food animals to humans: Streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin. F1000Res 2017;6:1805.
                doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12777.1pubmed: 29188021google scholar: lookup
              7. Wijesekara PNK, Kumbukgolla WW, Jayaweera JAAS, Rawat D. Review on Usage of Vancomycin in Livestock and Humans: Maintaining Its Efficacy, Prevention of Resistance and Alternative Therapy. Vet Sci 2017 Jan 26;4(1).
                doi: 10.3390/vetsci4010006pubmed: 29056665google scholar: lookup
              8. Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MR, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, Willems RJ. Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones?. Front Microbiol 2016;7:788.
                doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00788pubmed: 27303380google scholar: lookup
              9. Trajkovska-Dokic E, Kaftandzieva A, Stojkovska S, Kuzmanovska A, Panovski N. Gastrointestinal Colonization with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci In Hospitalized and Outpatients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015 Mar 15;3(1):7-11.
                doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.002pubmed: 27275189google scholar: lookup
              10. Gao X, Pan Q, He M. Transmission dynamics of resistant bacteria in a predator-prey system. Comput Math Methods Med 2015;2015:638074.
                doi: 10.1155/2015/638074pubmed: 25821510google scholar: lookup
              11. Van Tyne D, Gilmore MS. Friend turned foe: evolution of enterococcal virulence and antibiotic resistance. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014;68:337-56.
                doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-113003pubmed: 25002090google scholar: lookup
              12. Cinquepalmi V, Monno R, Fumarola L, Ventrella G, Calia C, Greco MF, Vito Dd, Soleo L. Environmental contamination by dog’s faeces: a public health problem?. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012 Dec 24;10(1):72-84.
                doi: 10.3390/ijerph10010072pubmed: 23263659google scholar: lookup
              13. Toosa H, Radu S, Rusul G, Latif AR, Rahim RA, Ahmad N, Ling OW. Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Spp. (VRE) from Poultry. Malays J Med Sci 2001 Jan;8(1):53-8.
                pubmed: 22973157
              14. Ghosh A, Dowd SE, Zurek L. Dogs leaving the ICU carry a very large multi-drug resistant enterococcal population with capacity for biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer. PLoS One 2011;6(7):e22451.
                doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022451pubmed: 21811613google scholar: lookup
              15. Radhouani H, Poeta P, Pinto L, Miranda J, Coelho C, Carvalho C, Rodrigues J, López M, Torres C, Vitorino R, Domingues P, Igrejas G. Proteomic characterization of vanA-containing Enterococcus recovered from Seagulls at the Berlengas Natural Reserve, W Portugal. Proteome Sci 2010 Sep 21;8:48.
                doi: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-48pubmed: 20858227google scholar: lookup
              16. de Niederhäusern S, Sabia C, Messi P, Guerrieri E, Manicardi G, Bondi M. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci in equine and swine rectal swabs and in human clinical samples. Curr Microbiol 2007 Sep;55(3):240-6.
                doi: 10.1007/s00284-007-0115-0pubmed: 17657536google scholar: lookup
              17. Orsini JA, Snooks-Parsons C, Stine L, Haddock M, Ramberg CF, Benson CE, Nunamaker DM. Vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in 15 horses. Can J Vet Res 2005 Oct;69(4):278-86.
                pubmed: 16479726
              18. Johnsen PJ, Østerhus JI, Sletvold H, Sørum M, Kruse H, Nielsen K, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A. Persistence of animal and human glycopeptide-resistant enterococci on two Norwegian poultry farms formerly exposed to avoparcin is associated with a widespread plasmid-mediated vanA element within a polyclonal enterococcus faecium population. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005 Jan;71(1):159-68.
                doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.1.159-168.2005pubmed: 15640183google scholar: lookup
              19. Rantala M, Lahti E, Kuhalampil J, Pesonen S, Järvinen AK, Saijonmaa-Koulumies, Honkanen-Buzalski T. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs given antibiotics for chronic dermatological disorders, compared with non-treated control dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2004;45(1-2):37-45.
                doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-45-37pubmed: 15535085google scholar: lookup
              20. Manson JM, Smith JM, Cook GM. Persistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New Zealand broilers after discontinuation of avoparcin use. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004 Oct;70(10):5764-8.
                doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5764-5768.2004pubmed: 15466512google scholar: lookup
              21. Herrero IA, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Moreno MA, Domínguez L. Dogs should be included in surveillance programs for vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Mar;42(3):1384-5.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.3.1384-1385.2004pubmed: 15004129google scholar: lookup
              22. Manson JM, Keis S, Smith JM, Cook GM. Characterization of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF) isolate from a dog with mastitis: further evidence of a clonal lineage of VREF in New Zealand. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):3331-3.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3331-3333.2003pubmed: 12843085google scholar: lookup
              23. Manson JM, Keis S, Smith JM, Cook GM. A clonal lineage of VanA-type Enterococcus faecalis predominates in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci isolated in New Zealand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Jan;47(1):204-10.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.1.204-210.2003pubmed: 12499192google scholar: lookup
              24. Simjee S, White DG, McDermott PF, Wagner DD, Zervos MJ, Donabedian SM, English LL, Hayes JR, Walker RD. Characterization of Tn1546 in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from canine urinary tract infections: evidence of gene exchange between human and animal enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Dec;40(12):4659-65.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.12.4659-4665.2002pubmed: 12454168google scholar: lookup
              25. Ridwan B, Mascini E, van Der Reijden N, Verhoef J, Bonten M. What action should be taken to prevent spread of vancomycin resistant enterococci in European hospitals?. BMJ 2002 Mar 16;324(7338):666-8.
                doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7338.666pubmed: 11895829google scholar: lookup
              26. Prescott JF, Hanna WJ, Reid-Smith R, Drost K. Antimicrobial drug use and resistance in dogs. Can Vet J 2002 Feb;43(2):107-16.
                pubmed: 11842592
              27. Harwood VJ, Brownell M, Perusek W, Whitlock JE. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001 Oct;67(10):4930-3.
                doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.10.4930-4933.2001pubmed: 11571206google scholar: lookup
              28. del Campo R, Tenorio C, Jiménez-Díaz R, Rubio C, Gómez-Lus R, Baquero F, Torres C. Bacteriocin production in vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus isolates of different origins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Mar;45(3):905-12.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.3.905-912.2001pubmed: 11181378google scholar: lookup
              29. Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall CG. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000 Oct;13(4):686-707.
                doi: 10.1128/CMR.13.4.686pubmed: 11023964google scholar: lookup
              30. Bischoff WE, Reynolds TM, Hall GO, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a large urban hospital over a 5-year period. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Dec;37(12):3912-6.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.37.12.3912-3916.1999pubmed: 10565906google scholar: lookup
              31. van den Bogaard AE, Stobberingh EE. Antibiotic usage in animals: impact on bacterial resistance and public health. Drugs 1999 Oct;58(4):589-607.
                doi: 10.2165/00003495-199958040-00002pubmed: 10551432google scholar: lookup
              32. Torell E, Cars O, Olsson-Liljequist B, Hoffman BM, Lindbäck J, Burman LG. Near absence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci but high carriage rates of quinolone-resistant ampicillin-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized individuals in Sweden. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Nov;37(11):3509-13.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.37.11.3509-3513.1999pubmed: 10523543google scholar: lookup
              33. Ke D, Picard FJ, Martineau F, Ménard C, Roy PH, Ouellette M, Bergeron MG. Development of a PCR assay for rapid detection of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Nov;37(11):3497-503.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.37.11.3497-3503.1999pubmed: 10523541google scholar: lookup
              34. Descheemaeker PR, Chapelle S, Devriese LA, Butaye P, Vandamme P, Goossens H. Comparison of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates and glycopeptide resistance genes of human and animal origins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Aug;43(8):2032-7.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.8.2032pubmed: 10428931google scholar: lookup
              35. Robredo B, Singh KV, Baquero F, Murray BE, Torres C. From vanA Enterococcus hirae to vanA Enterococcus faecium: a study of feed supplementation with avoparcin and tylosin in young chickens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 May;43(5):1137-43.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.5.1137pubmed: 10223926google scholar: lookup
              36. Ieven M, Vercauteren E, Descheemaeker P, van Laer F, Goossens H. Comparison of direct plating and broth enrichment culture for the detection of intestinal colonization by glycopeptide-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 1999 May;37(5):1436-40.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.37.5.1436-1440.1999pubmed: 10203501google scholar: lookup
              37. Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Poulsen RL, Westh H. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains with highly similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns containing similar Tn1546-like elements isolated from a hospitalized patient and pigs in Denmark. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Mar;43(3):724-5.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.3.724pubmed: 10070584google scholar: lookup
              38. Willems RJ, Top J, van den Braak N, van Belkum A, Mevius DJ, Hendriks G, van Santen-Verheuvel M, van Embden JD. Molecular diversity and evolutionary relationships of Tn1546-like elements in enterococci from humans and animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Mar;43(3):483-91.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.3.483pubmed: 10049255google scholar: lookup
              39. Butaye P, Devriese LA, Goossens H, Ieven M, Haesebrouck F. Enterococci with acquired vancomycin resistance in pigs and chickens of different age groups. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Feb;43(2):365-6.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.2.365pubmed: 9925534google scholar: lookup
              40. van den Braak N, van Belkum A, van Keulen M, Vliegenthart J, Verbrugh HA, Endtz HP. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalized patients and poultry products in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Jul;36(7):1927-32.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.7.1927-1932.1998pubmed: 9650938google scholar: lookup
              41. Kirst HA, Thompson DG, Nicas TI. Historical yearly usage of vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 May;42(5):1303-4.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.42.5.1303pubmed: 9593175google scholar: lookup
              42. Welton LA, Thal LA, Perri MB, Donabedian S, McMahon J, Chow JW, Zervos MJ. Antimicrobial resistance in enterococci isolated from Turkey flocks fed virginiamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 Mar;42(3):705-8.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.42.3.705pubmed: 9517958google scholar: lookup
              43. Woodford N, Adebiyi AM, Palepou MF, Cookson BD. Diversity of VanA glycopeptide resistance elements in enterococci from humans and nonhuman sources. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 Mar;42(3):502-8.
                doi: 10.1128/AAC.42.3.502pubmed: 9517923google scholar: lookup
              44. Jensen LB, Ahrens P, Dons L, Jones RN, Hammerum AM, Aarestrup FM. Molecular analysis of Tn1546 in Enterococcus faecium isolated from animals and humans. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Feb;36(2):437-42.
                doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.2.437-442.1998pubmed: 9466754google scholar: lookup
              45. Endtz HP, van den Braak N, van Belkum A, Kluytmans JA, Koeleman JG, Spanjaard L, Voss A, Weersink AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Buiting AG, van Duin A, Verbrugh HA. Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 1997 Dec;35(12):3026-31.
                doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.12.3026-3031.1997pubmed: 9399488google scholar: lookup
              46. McDonald LC, Kuehnert MJ, Tenover FC, Jarvis WR. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci outside the health-care setting: prevalence, sources, and public health implications. Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Jul-Sep;3(3):311-7.
                doi: 10.3201/eid0303.970307pubmed: 9284375google scholar: lookup
              47. Wade JJ. Enterococcus faecium in hospitals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997 Feb;16(2):113-9.
                doi: 10.1007/BF01709469pubmed: 9105837google scholar: lookup
              48. Frederiksen RF, Urdahl AM, Slettemeås JS, Granstad S, Simm R, Lagesen K. Genomic characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Norwegian poultry. PLoS One 2025;20(6):e0324789.
                doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324789pubmed: 40465609google scholar: lookup
              49. Hourigan D, Stefanovic E, Hill C, Ross RP. Promiscuous, persistent and problematic: insights into current enterococcal genomics to guide therapeutic strategy. BMC Microbiol 2024 Mar 28;24(1):103.
                doi: 10.1186/s12866-024-03243-2pubmed: 38539119google scholar: lookup
              Subscribe to our newsletter
              Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.