Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Western Canadian Horses.
Abstract: Equus caballus papillomavirus type-2 (EcPV-2) has been proposed as a causal factor in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study had 2 objectives: first, calculate the frequency of papillomavirus (PV) and EcPV-2 infection in papillomas, carcinomas in situ (CIS), and SCCs in Western Canadian horses; and second, determine if EcPV-2 status of equine SCCs is associated with overall survival (OS). EcPV-2 status of 115 archived tissue samples, spanning 6 years, was determined using broad spectrum (MY09/11) and EcPV-2-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, EcPV-2-E6/E7 chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization (R-ISH), and amplicon sequencing. A retrospective survey gathered data on history, outcome, breeding, treatment, and rationales of referring veterinarians when managing PV-associated diseases. Histologic grade and completeness of surgical margins of SCCs were also considered. EcPV-2 DNA was identified in 10/58 (17%) SCC, 8/27 (30%) papillomas, 0/5 CIS, and 0/11 lesions identified as "other." Overall, 18/101 (18%) of these lesions were positive for EcPV-2. EcPV-2 was identified in 10/35 (29%) SCCs arising from genital tissues but in 0/22 SCCs from other locations. There was no association between breeding history and EcPV-2 status of genital SCCs. EcPV-2 status of genital SCCs was not associated with OS (P = .76). The strongest negative predictors of OS were a lack of treatment (P < .01) and recurrence post-treatment (P < .01). Weaker predictors of OS included older age at time of diagnosis (P = .02). Completeness of margins at surgical excision, concurrent disease, treatment type, anatomic location of the SCC (anogenital vs other), and histologic grade of the SCC did not influence OS (P > .1).
Publication Date: 2020-08-19 PubMed ID: 32812522DOI: 10.1177/0300985820941266Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research investigates the frequency of Equus caballus Papillomavirus type-2 (EcPV-2) infections in certain cancer types in Western Canadian horses and if this infection impacts their survival rates. The study also looks at treatment methods and other factors that may influence the survival rate of the horses.
Research Objectives and Methodology
- The study had two primary goals: to determine the prevalence of EcPV-2 in various cancer types in Western Canadian horses, and to find out if the presence of this virus influences the overall survival of equine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).
- To achieve these objectives, the researchers used various techniques to detect EcPV-2, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, RNA in situ hybridization (R-ISH), and amplicon sequencing.
- The data used in this research came from 115 archived tissue samples collected over six years. The researchers also conducted a retrospective survey to gather data on the history, outcome, breeding, treatment methods, and the rationales of veterinarians when handling this disease.
Key Findings
- The study discovered EcPV-2 DNA in 10 out of 58 (17%) SCC cases, 8 out of 27 (30%) papillomas, and none in the carcinomas in situ (CIS) and ‘other’ named lesions.
- Specifically looking at the SCCs derived from genital tissues, the virus was found in 10 out of 35 (29%) of the cases, but it was not discovered in SCCs from other parts of the body.
- The researchers found no connection between a horse’s breeding history and the presence of EcPV-2 in genital SSCs.
- The study also showed that the EcPV-2 status of genital SCCs had no association with overall survival.
- The study identified lack of treatment and reoccurrence of the disease after treatment as the most significant negative predictors of overall survival, while older age was a weaker negative predictor.
- The completeness of surgical margins, concurrent diseases, type of treatment, anatomical location of the SCC, and the histologic grade of the SCC did not influence overall survival.
Cite This Article
APA
Greenwood S, Chow-Lockerbie B, Epp T, Knight C, Wachoski-Dark G, MacDonald-Dickinson V, Wobeser B.
(2020).
Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Western Canadian Horses.
Vet Pathol, 57(5), 623-631.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985820941266 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
- 2129University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- 2129University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Canada / epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / veterinary
- Female
- Genitalia / virology
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- In Situ Hybridization / veterinary
- Male
- Papillomaviridae / genetics
- Papillomaviridae / isolation & purification
- Papillomavirus Infections / diagnosis
- Papillomavirus Infections / epidemiology
- Papillomavirus Infections / veterinary
- Papillomavirus Infections / virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
- Prevalence
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Analysis
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Uchida-Fujii E, Kato Y, Ueno T, Numasawa Y, Yusa S, Haga T. Histopathological and Virological Findings of a Penile Papilloma in a Japanese Stallion with Equus Caballus Papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2). Pathogens 2024 Jul 19;13(7).
- Tuomisto L, Virtanen J, Kegler K, Levanov L, Sukura A, Sironen T, Kareskoski M. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)-associated benign penile lesions and squamous cell carcinomas. Vet Med Sci 2024 Jan;10(1):e1342.
- Tong P, Palidan N, Song X, Tian S, Zhang L, Wu G, Deng H, Jia C, Duan R, Suo Y, Pan J, Dang Y, Kuang L, Xie J. Abortion storm of Yili horses is associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 variant infection. Arch Microbiol 2023 Nov 24;206(1):5.
- Karakurt E, Coskun N, Aydın U, Beytut E, Dag S, Ataseven VS, Yılmaz V, Dogan F, Nuhoglu H, Ermutlu CS, Kuru M, Yıldız A. An investigation of bovine papillomaviruses from ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cattle. Iran J Vet Res 2023;24(1):51-57.
- Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022 Oct;288:105898.
- Cappelli K, Ciucis CG, Mecocci S, Nervo T, Crescio MI, Pepe M, Gialletti R, Pietrucci D, Migone LF, Turco S, Mechelli L, Passamonti F, Drago C, Donato GG, Varello K, Modesto P, Chillemi G, Ghelardi A, Razzuoli E. Detection of Equus Caballus Papillomavirus Type-2 in Asymptomatic Italian Horses. Viruses 2022 Jul 31;14(8).
- da Silva TRO, Gonçalves PNC, Marcus VB, Mucellini CI, Dos Santos IR, Kommers G, Driemeier D, Flores EF, Cargnelutti JF, Flores MM. Detection of Equus caballus papillomavirus-2 in equine penile/preputial papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022 Sep;53(3):1707-1713.
- Orlandi M, Mazzei M, Vascellari M, Melchiotti E, Zanardello C, Verin R, Albanese F, Necci F, Pazzini L, Lazzarini G, Abramo F. Localization and genotyping of canine papillomavirus in canine inverted papillomas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021 Nov;33(6):1069-1078.
- Armando F, Godizzi F, Razzuoli E, Leonardi F, Angelone M, Corradi A, Meloni D, Ferrari L, Passeri B. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in a Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Horse: Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 7;10(12).
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